Saturday, August 22, 2020
Female Authors and the Novel Essay
The commitment of female creators towards the advancement of the novel is critical. For sure it very well may be contended that ladylike reasonableness assumes a key job here. G K Chesterton portrays the novel as a ladylike artistic expression, and he clarifies that it is the female eye for unattractive detail, just as the ability to delineate the complexities of connections, that make it so (39). These characteristics are significant on the grounds that they serve to balance the male propensity towards theory and vision. Such propensities must be defeated in light of the fact that the novel is focusing on an individualistic and popularity based voice which is past all factionalism. The quest for an individual voice had been the point of writing since the Protestant Reformation. It was the point too of the Enlightenment; yet the pragmatic impact was uniquely to present the inflexible custom of style. So the requirements of the Church had been supplanted by simply one more type of limitation. Such imperatives were defeated at long last by the female exposition authors, and progressively over an extensive stretch. In this regard we will look at the two journalists Aphra Behn and Mary Shelley, isolated by a century and a half. The previous augurs the coming of the novel, while the last idealizes the structure and prepares for the incomparable Victorian age of the novel. Style was the key boundary to the improvement of the novel. All endeavors towards casualness were disapproved of by the stalwarts of Augustan writing, drove by Dryden and Pope, so the novel was perforce coordinated underground. Here it blossomed in the hands of the ladies essayists, who were generally overlooked in light of the fact that they focused on wistful sentiment, and speaking to lady perusers alone. Daniel Defoe is currently viewed as the main appropriate author, however it is plain to see that he has embraced a structure set up by the female journalists, who delivered generally silly and indecent sentiments. Such a portrayal might be applied to Aphra Behnââ¬â¢s Love Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister, yet it is likewise prominent for being the main epistolary novel. Her notoriety, in any case, lays on Oroonoko, a romantic tale including an African ruler caught by slave merchants. In spite of the fact that not yet an appropriate novel, it contains numerous developments that point toward that path. Behn expect a conversational tone with the perusers in places, motivating nature. It likewise contains an omniscient voice of portrayal, which was to turn into the most unmistakable attribute of the novel appropriate. Nonetheless, she feels obliged to clarify her omniscience, thus the storyteller is digressively engaged with the story itself. She knows all the episodes in Africa since she has experienced the slave estate and has chatted with the African sovereign. When Mary Shelley composes Frankenstein, the novel structure has nearly made its mark component, and its history flaunts such extraordinary authors as Defoe, Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, Smollet and Austen. By and by, Shelleyââ¬â¢s unique commitment in not unimportant. The voice of the novel reflects ââ¬Ëindividual expressionââ¬â¢, and this has been to a great extent idealized by this point. Shelley proceeds to handle the topic of independence itself. It is the narrative of a crazy lab rat who cuts himself off from the world so as to make a being from collects and lifeless organs. We find likenesses between the venture of the insane lab rat and the task of the author offering life to his anecdotal manifestations. The author capacities as an individual, and his is most likely the loneliest control of all. Simultaneously it is his undertaking to make people, simply from the creative mind. Shelleyââ¬â¢s subject is on a fundamental level the common reliance of maker and animal. Despite the fact that she is apparently worried about the abuse of science, and of the horrendous results of motorization, the basic topic remains that of independence. In this sense we may decipher her novel as an investigation of the constraints of the novel. All in all, female authors can be supposed to be to a great extent liable for the advancement of the novel from the Restoration onwards. The development of the novel has maintained a strategic distance from the spotlight, yet the novel has been the essential vehicle for the development of independence. Just with the Industrial upheaval and the ascent of majority rules system does the novel burst forward as the main method of writing. Aphra Behn and Mary Shelley were key advocates in novelââ¬â¢s improvement. Works Cited Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko. Ed. Janet M. Todd. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. Chesterton, Gilbert Keith. The Victorian Age in Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Collectorââ¬â¢s Library, 2004.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Sympathetic Essays - Autonomic Nervous System,
Thoughtful Divisions The autonomic sensory system is comprised of two divisions. There are numerous contrasts between these divisions. As a matter of first importance there are anatomical and physiological contrasts. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic framework starting point is in the craniosacral surge, the cerebrum stem cores of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X; and spinal line sections S2-S4. The thoughtful division on the other hand is considerably more intricate than the parasympathetic and is begun in the thoracolumbar surge. Additionally, in the horizontal horn of dim matter of the spinal rope fragments of thoracic 1 to lumbar 2. Another significant physiological distinction is the area of ganglia in every division. Ganglia of the parasympathetic division are in intramural or near the instinctive organ served. The thoughtful ganglia are situated with in a couple of centimeters of the focal sensory system. They are additionally close by the vertebral section and foremost to the vertebral section. The overall length of preganglionic and postganglionic filaments in the parasympathetic and thoughtful divisions is as such. The parasympathetic have long preganglionic and short postganglionic. The thoughtful are the polar opposite, short preganglionic and long postganglionic. There is no rami correspondence in the parasympathetic division, while the thoughtful division has dim and white rami correspondence. The practical objective of the parasympathetic division is upkeep capacities, to monitor and store vitality. The thoughtful's division will probably furnish the body to adapt to crises and serious solid movement. There are numerous impacts of the parasympathetic and thoughtful divisions on different organs. The choking of muscles and eye understudies animates the iris of the eye by the parasympathetic framework. The thoughtful impacts are the stimualtes of dilator muscles and enlarge the eye understudies. The parasympathetic impacts of the cilliary muscle of the eye are to animate muscles, which bring about the protruding of the focal point for convenience and close vision. There are no impacts for the thoughtful division. The nasal lacrimal, salivary, gastric, and pancreas organs are affected by the parasympathetic and thoughtful frameworks. The parasympathetic division animates secretory action, where the thoughtful division hinders secretory movement and causes vasoconstruction of veins providing the organs. There is no parasympathetic impact on sweat galnds, the adrenal medulla, or on the other hand the arrector pili muscles. There are thoughtful impacts however. The organs are hindered by secretory action causing vasoconstruction of veins providing the organs. The perspiration organs are invigorated plentiful perspiring. The arrector pili muscles are invigorated to agreement and produce goosebumps. The parasympathetic division diminishes the pace of the heart and backs it off. The thoughtful division expands the rate and power of the heart. The bladder in the two divisions is inverse by and by. In the parasympathetic of the bladder, the compression of smooth muscle and the unwinding in the thoughtful division. The parasympathetic tightens for the bronchioles of the lungs, where the bronchioles are expanded in the thoughtful. The liver's thoughtful impact is in epinephrine boost of the liver to discharge glucose to the blood. There is no parasympathetic impact of the liver. In the parasympathetic division the gallbladder agreements to oust bile. In the thoughtful division the gallbladder is loose. The parasympathetic division makes the penis and vagina vasodilateor erect. The thoughtful division makes the penis discharge and the vagina to contract. There is almost no impact of the veins in the parasympathetic division. The thoughtful division chokes most vessels and expands the circulatory strain. It additionally contracts vessels of stomach viscera what's more, skin to redirect blood to muscles, mind, and heart when vital. The cell digestion of the thoughtful division is to expand coagulation. Thoughtful impacts; fat tissue by lipolysis, and mental action by expanding one's sharpness. I found the task somewhat extraordinary at that point most papers I have composed do to one reality. I found that I was unable to put what the book said into my own words. I don't have a wide anatomical jargon, so I discovered that I needed to duplicate a ton of what the book said. I am certain this is comparative to certain understudies in the class.
Essay Topics About Diversity in Classrooms
Essay Topics About Diversity in ClassroomsWhen you want to get a chance to talk about diversity in classrooms, it is important that you know exactly what topics are out there. Whether you are already teaching in a classroom or you are looking to get a job in a new classroom, knowing the different types of topics that are used in the different schools can help you find one that will be easy for you to handle.First of all, you need to know that most schools don't spend much time talking about how diversity should be taught in classrooms. Instead, they spend most of their time focusing on any special issues they have in their school. If your school does not deal with the special issues that your students are dealing with, this may not be a topic that you should teach about.You also need to know that classroom diversity can come in many forms. Some students do not realize how much their community has faced problems that may affect them and their families, and it is important that they kn ow what is going on in their communities. Other students recognize that this is an issue that they should be able to learn about, and they are looking for a way to find ways to start taking steps to change their community's opinions on this subject.Now, when you are choosing a topic for your class, you want to make sure that you are very specific. You do not want to choose a topic that will only bring out anger in students. No matter how sensitive you are with this topic, you need to make sure that you are really careful.The best way to go about finding a topic is to write about a subject that you personally are interested in, but that you do not need to bring up in the class. This may mean choosing a topic that is not something that everyone has been discussing recently, but if it is something that can bring out what your class is dealing with, then it can be a good idea. It may also mean looking at a topic that is similar to one that your students have been discussing in class.Be careful, though, as there are some topics that can really make students feel bad. While many of the essays on these topics are actually meant to bring up topics in your class that you know students have been avoiding, there are also some that can make students feel really uncomfortable. If you are able to choose a topic that will allow you to bring up topics without making students feel uncomfortable, you should consider it.Make sure that you think about the extra credit that you get from doing an essay on this topic. Even if you choose the wrong topic for a class, you will still get extra credit for it. Plus, if your topic focuses on something that you learned about recently, it may be a good idea to also write a paragraph to explain it to your students in class.Diversity is something that can be handled in any kind of classroom. Whether you want to talk about different kinds of problems that are facing communities today, or how you hope to be a part of changing those problems, you can find a topic that will work for you. Just make sure that you are careful and that you find a topic that can be handled without making students feel awkward.
Sunday, June 28, 2020
Circe, Circa 1925 - Literature Essay Samples
In The Sun Also Rises, Earnest Hemingway depicts the independent Lady Brett Ashley, the main female character in the novel, as a selfish, careless, and superficial woman. She was perhaps once a compassionate woman: she was a nurse during the Great War, and was by Jake Barnes side during his recovery from his wound. However, the loss of her true love to dysentery during the war and Jakes inability to physically love her are two factors that have left her disillusioned. She is just as unhappy and aimless as every other character in the novel; she drinks constantly, and sleeps with nearly every man she meets. Furthermore, like the sorceress Circe in Homers Odyssey, she turns men into swine (148). Often her mere presence is disruptive: on many occasions, she only has to appear, and the men will begin to fight among themselves about her.As she confides to Jake Barnes, Oh, darling, Ive been so miserable (32), Brett is just as unhappy as the other characters in the novel, and her depression leads her to engage in self-destructive behavior. Just as the men in the novel aimlessly wander from bar to bar, trying to imbibe enough alcohol to forget their problems, Brett wanders from man to man, vainly using sex as a method of lifting her spirits. She often accompanies the men in their bar-hopping, drinking just as much as they do. Her engagement in these two destructive behaviors demonstrates her misery; Brett is arguably the most depressed character in the novel, second only to Jake. Her emotional agony has similar origins as that of the men in the novel: the Great War.Brett has not only been affected by the loss of her true love to dysentery, and an abusive marriage to Lord Ashley, but has also been mentally scarred by her experiences as a nurse. Although she did not fight in the filth-ridden trenches, Brett cared for the men who did. One can imagine that she had to soothe screaming men who were past any hope of survival, constantly telling them that they would live. It w as during her time as a nurse that Brett met Jake, and therefore always knew about his wound. Despite this, they still fall in love. However, by the time the reader is acquainted with both Brett and Jake, he is aware that there is great tension between them because of their inability to physically love each other. During their time together in Paris, unable to do anything else, Brett and Jake drive aimlessly around in taxis; their wanderings serve as a metaphor for their directionless relationship and lives. Furthermore, Bretts sexual promiscuity is her method of trying to convince herself that she is not deeply upset by her inability to physically love Jake.Although Brett is extraordinarily unhappy and disillusioned, she is also inexcusably careless, selfish and disruptive. As her fiance Mike observes, Brett, like Circe, turns men into swine (148). An extremely beautiful woman who knows how to show off her figure, Brett constantly attracts both positive and negative attention to he rself. Men are instantly attracted to her, and she further reins them in with her charisma. Unfortunately, men are on their worst behavior when they are around her, constantly fighting over her. For example, whenever Brett appears at a restaurant or bar, quarrels ensue between men such as her alcoholic fiance Mike, and Robert Cohn, who is smitten with her. Brett never attempts to stop them, instead she sits and listens, passively absorbing all that is going on around her.Brett further turns men into swine by selfishly seducing and then abandoning them. She engages in a relationship with Pedro Romero, a promising young Spanish bullfighter, fifteen years her junior. Unlike Jake and his expatriate friends, Romero is completely honest and moral, drinking comparatively little, and spending most of his time concentrating on his bullfighting. However, Bretts relationship with him is corruptive, and she drags him into her world of debauchery. A fight breaks out between Romero and Robert Coh n when Cohn finds the two lovers together. It is only after Romero has been beaten that Brett realizes that their relationship is unhealthy, and she breaks it off, citing later on that she is, not going to be one of those bitches that ruins children (247.) After Brett breaks off her relationship with Romero, one can sense that he has been irreversibly changed.Brett is as careless in everyday life as she is in her relationships with men. When Romero kills a special bull, its ears are cropped, and given to her as a gift. She takes this prize and throws it in the back of a drawer with her garbage, and this action is reflective of her thoughtless, selfish attitude, demonstrating that she feels no value for anything.As Brett confesses, she has had a hell of a time (245.) Despite her selfishness and immoral behavior, it is easy to pity Brett. She has survived an abusive marriage, the loss of her true love, nursing during the Great War, and the inability to physically love Jake. All this h as left her depressed, and with a feeling of worthlessness.
Monday, May 25, 2020
Capital Punishment A Controversial Topic - 1929 Words
Iris I. Castillo Professor McGowan ENC 1101 CRN 31446 27 July 2014 Abolishing Capital Punishment in United States The capital punishment is a controversial topic that has been unresolvable for years in the United States. The heated debate over capital punishment has been divisive between groups that support the practice and others that condemn it. Currently about 70% of Americans support the death penalty, but do they know the realities of the death penalty? Capital punishment has been in existence for centuries, marked by many historical events (Henderson 7). It is a derivative of slavery, lynching and racial discrimination which have been, ââ¬Å"the darkest aspect of the American historyâ⬠(Bright 152). The death penalty is not implemented in every killing; it is only executed in 1% of all murder cases (Bright 153). Capital punishment should be abolished because it is a violation to human rights, it is inflicted arbitrarily, and unfair when innocent people were mistakenly punished at times. Although many believe the death penalty is an a ppropriate punishment for criminals, it is actually degrading to the society partaking in the same animalistic behavior that the delinquents did. The death penalty is a denial to human rights because it violates the right to life as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Right that was adopted in 1948 by the United Nations. The declaration proclaims, ââ¬Å"The rights of every individual to protection from deprivation of lifeâ⬠[and] ââ¬Å"noShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : A Controversial Topic Within The Legal System And The General Public2097 Words à |à 9 PagesCapital punishment is a highly controversial topic within the legal system and the general public. The death penalty is controversial because many people believe that there is no justification for putting a person to death, even if that person is a convicted murderer. Many also believe that it violates the eighth amendment of the Constitution which says, ââ¬Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, n or excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflictedâ⬠. Although the overall percentageRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words à |à 6 Pagesrights, and punished fairly based on their crimes. However, despite that, there are many controversial topics regarding the criminal justice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crime. 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When a question is raised on such a topic, there are many ideas that are sparked. One controversial question that people ponder on is; is the death penalty an ethical way of reducing crime? It is interesting not only to see different opinions but to see data that supports and complements those opinions. Searching for information I came across three different arguments concerning the topic of the death penalty andRead MoreIn Recent Years, The Death Penalty Has Been A Controversial1750 Words à |à 7 PagesIn recent years, the death penalty has been a controversial topic when it comes to sentencing criminals that have committed serious crimes. Some believe that the death penalty is absolutely necessary and serves proper justice to those who commit unthinkable acts of violence. 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Hundreds of convicted criminals have seen their fate by the hands of capital punishment in the course of United States history. Hundreds of others are still awaiting the day their sentence will be carried out. However, even though many of Americans still believe the principal role of capital punishment is deterring future crimes, thousands of others condemn the United States criminal justice system forRead MoreThe Issue Of Capital Punishment1383 Words à |à 6 Pages Culminating Paper 30 Mar. 2015 Capital Punishment Every year as a result of the United States judicial system, a multitude of American citizens are put to death for murder, rape, and other such heinous crimes. This modus of punishment, otherwise referred to as capital punishment, is one used by the United States, her military, and most of her states. Most of the developed countries in this world have voided this coarse method of punishment, but the United States situation poses many complex issues
Tuesday, May 19, 2020
Customer Satisfaction Lead to Loyalty - 2303 Words
Final Report Business Research Methods Topic Study the influence of Service Quality with product leads to customer loyalty in Telecom Sector (Ufone) Submitted by: Sr. # Group members: Reg. No.# Muhammad Adnan L1S13MBAM2049 Muhammad Asim L1S13MBAM0027 Nabil Abdul Majeed L1S13MBAM2012 Saad Rafique Ali L1S13MBAM0047 Huma Zafar L1S13MBAM2010 Sameera Waheed L1S13MBAM2050 Submitted To: Prof. Amna Zulfiqar Signature: Table of contents Page # Introduction 03 Importance/ significance 04 Explanation of Variables 05 Service Quality (independent variable) 05 Customer loyalty (dependent variable) 05 Relationship betweenâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It means says when a customer consistently rebus your product in the future unrespectable situational influences it shows customer loyalty. Customer loyalty plays a vital role in organization to achieving its profitability. Organizations should give preference to customerââ¬â¢s feelings and their needs should be the main concern in order to achieve customer loyalty (Akhter et al., 2011) Most companies struggle for customer loyalty as the competition reaches at its peak in telecommunication sector. Indeed, customer satisfaction is integral part in determining why customers leave or stay with an organization. Therefore, organizations need to know how to keep their customers. Every organization has come to realize that in order to survive, it has to acquire and then retain profitable customers. Company should consider those customers which shows high satisfaction which leads to customer loyalty .this result in increasing companyââ¬â¢s profitability. Company should also focus on customers who are not satisfied in order to increase profitability. Importance /significance Customer loyalty plays important role in telecommunication sector. Companies can rely on making research upon their satisfied customers for improving the service quality or other factors exists that make the loyal customers. After getting knowledge by making research; telecommunication sectors can possibly be able to focus on their customers touch point where they can improve the service. Now aShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Customer Satisfaction On A Firm s Profitability1334 Words à |à 6 Pagesformulated: H1: Customer satisfaction has positive lagged influence on a firmââ¬â¢s profitability. H1a: Customer satisfaction has immediate influence on a firmââ¬â¢s profitability. How profitability affects customer satisfaction Most of the literature focuses on the impact of customer satisfaction on profitability. This particular research acknowledges the possibility of profitability affecting the customer satisfaction. Research attempts to analyse the effect of past profitability on customer satisfaction. ConsideringRead MoreRelationship Between Customer Satisfaction And Consumer Loyalty1520 Words à |à 7 Pagesbetween customer satisfaction and consumer loyalty and apply its relationship into all the market industries including products and services, particularly in financial institutions. Preliminary sample data (N=80) will be collected from faculties and students at Johnson and Wales University of all ethnicities, national and international students. The hypothesis of the study is developed as H1: There is a significant positive relationship between customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. A t-testRead MoreThe High Quality Relationship With Customers1322 Words à |à 6 Pagesaccording to customersà ¢â¬â¢ expectations. Various important parts of banking sector like operations, service quality, employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, financing products, efficiency, financial performance are being studied by many researchers to better understand and serve the community at large (Arokiasamy, 2013). The high quality relationship with customers is the main influence of a successful service provider (Panda, 2003) ââ¬Å"which determines customer satisfaction and loyaltyâ⬠(Jones, 2002Read MoreCustomer Loyalty And Employee Loyalty1404 Words à |à 6 PagesCustomer loyalty plays a very vital role in an organizationââ¬â¢s success or not always, is a very interesting debate. It has been suggested at several literature that loyal customer generates ongoing revenue and they also assist in generating profitable business income to any organization. At the same time research also suggests that there are other views available in relation to the concept of loyalty. The important factor to understand is weather those factors lead to long term business profitabilityRead MoreService Quality Measurement Of Quality Essay1413 Words à |à 6 Pagesperspective, understand this aspect it in terms of customer perception, customer expectation, customer attitude, customer satisfaction, and cus tomer delight , external perspective is becoming important in the light of increasing consumer awareness, changing consumer tastes and growing consumer expectation . There are significant differences in measuring the satisfaction of service consumers and physical product consumers. Physical product consumer satisfaction is measured with instruments describing theRead MoreWhat Factors Influence Customer Retention Towards Apple Iphone? Essay1747 Words à |à 7 Pages What factors influence customer retention towards the Apple iPhone? Fall2016 Public Administration 603 Final Project Report (PA603) California State University: San Bernardino Contents 1. Abstract 1 2. Introduction 2 3. Literature Review Research Hypotheses 3 3.1 Brand Loyalty 3 3.2 Customer Satisfaction 4 3.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 5 3.4 Research Limitation 5 4. Methodologies 6 Supervisors Colleagues 6 5. Data Analysis 7 6. Discussion 8 7. Conclusion 9 References 10 AppendicesRead MoreConceptual Model And Framework . According To Above Literature1345 Words à |à 6 Pagesimage, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This research sets up hypotheses H1, H2, H3, confirm how these factors to influence and relate to each other. (Figure 1) H1 H2 H3 Figure 1. Relationship between Brand Images, Customer Satisfaction and Customer loyalty Hypothesis H1. There is a strong relationship between customer loyalty and Brand image H2. There is a strong relationship between customer loyalty and Customer satisfactionRead MoreCommunication : A Important Factor1549 Words à |à 7 Pagesimportant factor that needs to consider for building relationship with customer and make them loyal. Communication needs to be two way between customer and company. Social media platform has enriched communications among people. Therefore, it has open up new opportunity for companies to interact with customer more. Companies can open up their page to increase interaction with the customer on social media platform. On the other, customers also interested to interact with brands page and know brand theirRead MoreService Quality As A Core Competitive Strategy1115 Words à |à 5 Pagesbusiness and banking sector in this case is not an exception .A bank customer will be loyal if they can produce greater value than their competitor (Dawes and Swailes 1999). In addition, higher profit will be earned by the banks if they can position them selves better than the competitors within a specific market (Davis at al. 1995) Therefore, banks should focus on service quality as a core competitive strategy. Customer loyalty, Oliver (1999) defined like acommitment to re-buy or re-patronize decisionRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay831 Words à |à 4 Pages CRM: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Firm Profitability Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a tool that helps track, manage and supply information about customerââ¬â¢s interactions with an organization to help contribute to customer satisfaction that leads to customer loyalty. Additionally, CRM programs provide tools and applications designed to target their efforts on the most profitable customers, target new potential customers, and generate sales and maintain relationships
Friday, May 15, 2020
What Is an Oriel Window in Architecture
An oriel window is a set of windows, arranged together in a bay, that protrudes from the face of a building on an upper floor and is braced underneath by a bracket or corbel. Most people call them bay windows when located on the first floor and oriel windows only if they are on an upper floor. Functionally, oriel windows not only increase the light and air entering a room, but also expand the floor space without changing the buildings foundation dimensions. Aesthetically, oriel windows became a landmark detail for Victorian-era architecture, although they are present in structures earlier than the 19th century. Origin of the Oriel: This type of bay window probably originated during the Middle Ages, in both Europe and the Middle East. The oriel window may have developed from a form of porchââ¬âoriolum is the Medieval Latin word for porch or gallery. In Islamic architecture, the mashrabiya (also called moucharabieh and musharabie) is considered a type of oriel window. Known for its ornamented lattice screen, theà mashrabiya traditionally was a protruding box-like architectural detail that functioned as a way to keep drinking water cool and interior spaces well-ventilated in a hot Arabian climate. The mashrabiya continues to be a common feature of modern Arab architecture. In Western architecture these protruding windows most certainly attempted to catch the movement of the sun, especially during winter months when daylight is limited. In Medieval times, capturing light and bringing fresh air into interior spaces was thought to benefit health, both physically and mentally. Bay windows also expand the interior living space without changing the footprint of a buildingââ¬âa centuries-old trick when property taxes are calculated on a foundations width and length. Oriel windows are not dormers, because the protrusion does not break the line of the roof. However, some architects such as Paul Williams (1894-1980) have used both oriel and dormer windows on one house to create an interesting and complementary effect (view image). Oriel Windows in American Architectural Periods: The reign of British Queen Victoria, between 1837 and 1901, was a long era of growth and expansion in both Great Britain and the United States. Many architectural styles are associated with this time period, and particular styles of American Victorian architecture are characterized by having protruding window sets, including oriel windows. Buildings in the Gothic Revival and Tudor styles often have oriel windows. Eastlake Victorian, Chateauesque, and Queen Anne styles may combine oriel-like windows with turrets, which are characteristic of those styles. Many urban brownstone facades in the Richardsonian Romanesque style have oriel windows. In American skyscraper history, the Chicago School architects are known to have experimented with oriel designs in the 19th century. Most notably, John Wellborn Roots spiral staircase for the 1888 Rookery Building in Chicago is known as the oriel staircase. Roots design is actually a fire escape required by the city after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Root enclosed the stairs in what architecturally appeared to be a very long oriel window attached to the rear of the building. Like a typical oriel window, the staircase did not reach the ground floor, but ended on the second floor, now part of the elaborate lobby design by Frank Lloyd Wright. Other architects in 19th century America used oriel-like architecture to increase interior floor space and optimize natural light and ventilation in the tall building, a new form of architecture that would become known as the skyscraper. For example, the architecture team of Holabird Roche designed the 1894 Old Colony Building, an early Chicago School tall building, with all four corners protruding. The oriel towers start on the third floor and hang over the lot line or footprint of the building. The architects had cleverly found a way to use airspace to increase square footage beyond the property line. Summary of Characteristics: Oriel windows have no strict or definitive definitions, so know how your locality defines this architectural construction, especially when you live in a historic district. The most obvious identifying characteristics are these: (1)à As a bay-type window, the oriel window projects from the wall on an upper floor and does not extend to the ground; (2) In Medieval times, the bay was supported by brackets or corbels underneath the protruding structureââ¬âoften these brackets were highly ornate, symbolic, and even sculptural. Todays oriel windows may be engineered differently, yet the bracket remainsââ¬âtraditional, but more ornamental than structural. One could even argue that the oriel window is forerunner to Frank Lloyd Wrights cantilever construction.
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