Organization Culture Development and Success of the Organization Essay

Association Culture Development and Success of the Organization - Essay Example The aim of this examination is association culture as a USP or â€Å"Unique Selling Point† of a firm that separates itself from its partners. Hierarchical culture implies the manner in which human asset in an association demonstrations and plays out its obligations. The way of life in an association is typically evolved by top initiative which is meant the creation laborers or supervisors at the lower level of the progressive system. Any association that neglects to build up a special culture neglects to convey its incentive to its clients and thus loses its distinctiveness according to its clients. In the 21st, the idea is a higher priority than at any other time as a result of the escalated rivalry by firm. Not just the organizations in a similar nation are battling for an equivalent activity, however redistributing has incorporated the remote firms additionally in the battle for work that goes to the market. Amidst so substantial rivalry, it has gotten progressively signifi cant for firms to â€Å"Break through the clutter†. No firm can get through the messiness or become clear except if it has some different option from that the customary rivalry is advertising. Numerous organizations, therefore, have expanded their emphasis on hierarchical culture. Many are attempting to build up a culture that will assist them with increasing an edge over their opposition. Hierarchical Culture, aside from helping an association in these, additionally help helps an association in building up the perfect qualities of its workforce extra time without bringing about the substantial preparing cost that likewise involves loss of efficiency and may prompt weariness and employment turnover. It is likewise recommend by authoritative conduct specialists to build up a drawn out system dependent on a hierarchical culture so as to accomplish firm’s targets and objectives. The drawn out procedure can be enhanced by consolidating a few preparing systems that are util ized to ensure that the authoritative culture has been appropriately engraved into the still, small voice of the laborers and everybody in the association is following a similar culture that is yielding cooperative energy and bringing about accomplishment in troublesome assignments and objectives which are unrealistic except if everybody in the association is following a similar culture. (Jin, Drozdenko, and Bassett, 2007) Organizational Culture prompts more effectiveness in the association. Truth be told, hierarchical culture improves the effectiveness since it provides the feeling of guidance to representatives and reveals to them how they should act in an assortment of circumstance. This decreases their reaction time and encourages them center around the consumer loyalty more that prompts extremely good outcomes. This builds association wide productivity of the human asset and all the staff in the association allots more opportunity to center abilities. This additionally expands work fulfillment which prompts consumer loyalty and towards productivity of the association. (Denison and Mishra, 1995) Organizational Culture likewise influences the information the executives practices of an association. Information the board is critical for an association as closed by Toyota Motor Company, UNIX, Microsoft and Mercedes-Benz. One can't envision an association to make progress in the event that it doesn't pay any regard to the innovation advancement and information the executives streams inside the association. It is incredibly hard to expect the achievement of the association without the innovation factor having its influence. Consequently, in a roundabout way hierarchical culture assumes a significant job in the advancement of an association and its innovation the executives and information the board rehearses which are currently viewed as indispensable for the achievement of the association. To such an extent that even the huge associations are making their old s taff who appeared to be inconsistent to innovation are preparing them to make them chip away at the innovation of the new time. Obviously the entirety of this is absurd without hierarchical cu

What Patriotism means to me Essay

Do you put stock in the adoration for your nation? All the warriors and saints that are out there on the planet battling for our opportunity? The regard and the mental fortitude that you may have. Enthusiasm resembles a disease that movements around starting with one body then onto the next and you can’t fix it with any prescription. To me nationalism essentially implies the affection and care for one’s nation. Despite the fact that it might have different definitions, the genuine and fundamental one is â€Å"the love and dedication for your country†. Being energetic methods not just wearing the banner as a pin, putting it up on your yard or saying the national song of praise like the vast majority do, It truly implies thinking about the warriors and everybody that enables this nation to be free, additionally to give out your adoration and potential to your nation. There are a ton of models and images that energy can intend to me or to anybody in this world. For instance, September 11, the United States banner, the Statue of Liberty and a lot more are images of nationalism. I feel that nationalism has developed more since 9/11 the day that changed the world, and that it will continue developing increasingly more during the time to come. A wedded couple resembles nationalism since they can’t settle on the correct decision or likewise like each other about how they are. Martin Luther King Jr. had the boldness to lead a development against isolation he additionally had the mental fortitude to mention to us what wasn't right and what we did well. To me that is genuine nationalism since he was eager to battle for our nation and love it similarly among others. â€Å"If we love our nation, we ought to likewise adore our countrymen† is a well known expression by Ronald Reagan that I think depicts enthusiasm since it essentially implies love each other similarly. So to me enthusiasm implies the affection for your district, it likewise implies numerous other various things to each other. Recollect you can be energetic on the off chance that you love and regard your nation by just fundamentally mindful.

Female Authors and the Novel Essay

The commitment of female creators towards the advancement of the novel is critical. For sure it very well may be contended that ladylike reasonableness assumes a key job here. G K Chesterton portrays the novel as a ladylike artistic expression, and he clarifies that it is the female eye for unattractive detail, just as the ability to delineate the complexities of connections, that make it so (39). These characteristics are significant on the grounds that they serve to balance the male propensity towards theory and vision. Such propensities must be defeated in light of the fact that the novel is focusing on an individualistic and popularity based voice which is past all factionalism. The quest for an individual voice had been the point of writing since the Protestant Reformation. It was the point too of the Enlightenment; yet the pragmatic impact was uniquely to present the inflexible custom of style. So the requirements of the Church had been supplanted by simply one more type of limitation. Such imperatives were defeated at long last by the female exposition authors, and progressively over an extensive stretch. In this regard we will look at the two journalists Aphra Behn and Mary Shelley, isolated by a century and a half. The previous augurs the coming of the novel, while the last idealizes the structure and prepares for the incomparable Victorian age of the novel. Style was the key boundary to the improvement of the novel. All endeavors towards casualness were disapproved of by the stalwarts of Augustan writing, drove by Dryden and Pope, so the novel was perforce coordinated underground. Here it blossomed in the hands of the ladies essayists, who were generally overlooked in light of the fact that they focused on wistful sentiment, and speaking to lady perusers alone. Daniel Defoe is currently viewed as the main appropriate author, however it is plain to see that he has embraced a structure set up by the female journalists, who delivered generally silly and indecent sentiments. Such a portrayal might be applied to Aphra Behn’s Love Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister, yet it is likewise prominent for being the main epistolary novel. Her notoriety, in any case, lays on Oroonoko, a romantic tale including an African ruler caught by slave merchants. In spite of the fact that not yet an appropriate novel, it contains numerous developments that point toward that path. Behn expect a conversational tone with the perusers in places, motivating nature. It likewise contains an omniscient voice of portrayal, which was to turn into the most unmistakable attribute of the novel appropriate. Nonetheless, she feels obliged to clarify her omniscience, thus the storyteller is digressively engaged with the story itself. She knows all the episodes in Africa since she has experienced the slave estate and has chatted with the African sovereign. When Mary Shelley composes Frankenstein, the novel structure has nearly made its mark component, and its history flaunts such extraordinary authors as Defoe, Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, Smollet and Austen. By and by, Shelley’s unique commitment in not unimportant. The voice of the novel reflects ‘individual expression’, and this has been to a great extent idealized by this point. Shelley proceeds to handle the topic of independence itself. It is the narrative of a crazy lab rat who cuts himself off from the world so as to make a being from collects and lifeless organs. We find likenesses between the venture of the insane lab rat and the task of the author offering life to his anecdotal manifestations. The author capacities as an individual, and his is most likely the loneliest control of all. Simultaneously it is his undertaking to make people, simply from the creative mind. Shelley’s subject is on a fundamental level the common reliance of maker and animal. Despite the fact that she is apparently worried about the abuse of science, and of the horrendous results of motorization, the basic topic remains that of independence. In this sense we may decipher her novel as an investigation of the constraints of the novel. All in all, female authors can be supposed to be to a great extent liable for the advancement of the novel from the Restoration onwards. The development of the novel has maintained a strategic distance from the spotlight, yet the novel has been the essential vehicle for the development of independence. Just with the Industrial upheaval and the ascent of majority rules system does the novel burst forward as the main method of writing. Aphra Behn and Mary Shelley were key advocates in novel’s improvement. Works Cited Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko. Ed. Janet M. Todd. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. Chesterton, Gilbert Keith. The Victorian Age in Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Collector’s Library, 2004.

Sympathetic Essays - Autonomic Nervous System,

Thoughtful Divisions The autonomic sensory system is comprised of two divisions. There are numerous contrasts between these divisions. As a matter of first importance there are anatomical and physiological contrasts. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic framework starting point is in the craniosacral surge, the cerebrum stem cores of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X; and spinal line sections S2-S4. The thoughtful division on the other hand is considerably more intricate than the parasympathetic and is begun in the thoracolumbar surge. Additionally, in the horizontal horn of dim matter of the spinal rope fragments of thoracic 1 to lumbar 2. Another significant physiological distinction is the area of ganglia in every division. Ganglia of the parasympathetic division are in intramural or near the instinctive organ served. The thoughtful ganglia are situated with in a couple of centimeters of the focal sensory system. They are additionally close by the vertebral section and foremost to the vertebral section. The overall length of preganglionic and postganglionic filaments in the parasympathetic and thoughtful divisions is as such. The parasympathetic have long preganglionic and short postganglionic. The thoughtful are the polar opposite, short preganglionic and long postganglionic. There is no rami correspondence in the parasympathetic division, while the thoughtful division has dim and white rami correspondence. The practical objective of the parasympathetic division is upkeep capacities, to monitor and store vitality. The thoughtful's division will probably furnish the body to adapt to crises and serious solid movement. There are numerous impacts of the parasympathetic and thoughtful divisions on different organs. The choking of muscles and eye understudies animates the iris of the eye by the parasympathetic framework. The thoughtful impacts are the stimualtes of dilator muscles and enlarge the eye understudies. The parasympathetic impacts of the cilliary muscle of the eye are to animate muscles, which bring about the protruding of the focal point for convenience and close vision. There are no impacts for the thoughtful division. The nasal lacrimal, salivary, gastric, and pancreas organs are affected by the parasympathetic and thoughtful frameworks. The parasympathetic division animates secretory action, where the thoughtful division hinders secretory movement and causes vasoconstruction of veins providing the organs. There is no parasympathetic impact on sweat galnds, the adrenal medulla, or on the other hand the arrector pili muscles. There are thoughtful impacts however. The organs are hindered by secretory action causing vasoconstruction of veins providing the organs. The perspiration organs are invigorated plentiful perspiring. The arrector pili muscles are invigorated to agreement and produce goosebumps. The parasympathetic division diminishes the pace of the heart and backs it off. The thoughtful division expands the rate and power of the heart. The bladder in the two divisions is inverse by and by. In the parasympathetic of the bladder, the compression of smooth muscle and the unwinding in the thoughtful division. The parasympathetic tightens for the bronchioles of the lungs, where the bronchioles are expanded in the thoughtful. The liver's thoughtful impact is in epinephrine boost of the liver to discharge glucose to the blood. There is no parasympathetic impact of the liver. In the parasympathetic division the gallbladder agreements to oust bile. In the thoughtful division the gallbladder is loose. The parasympathetic division makes the penis and vagina vasodilateor erect. The thoughtful division makes the penis discharge and the vagina to contract. There is almost no impact of the veins in the parasympathetic division. The thoughtful division chokes most vessels and expands the circulatory strain. It additionally contracts vessels of stomach viscera what's more, skin to redirect blood to muscles, mind, and heart when vital. The cell digestion of the thoughtful division is to expand coagulation. Thoughtful impacts; fat tissue by lipolysis, and mental action by expanding one's sharpness. I found the task somewhat extraordinary at that point most papers I have composed do to one reality. I found that I was unable to put what the book said into my own words. I don't have a wide anatomical jargon, so I discovered that I needed to duplicate a ton of what the book said. I am certain this is comparative to certain understudies in the class.

Essay Topics About Diversity in Classrooms

Essay Topics About Diversity in ClassroomsWhen you want to get a chance to talk about diversity in classrooms, it is important that you know exactly what topics are out there. Whether you are already teaching in a classroom or you are looking to get a job in a new classroom, knowing the different types of topics that are used in the different schools can help you find one that will be easy for you to handle.First of all, you need to know that most schools don't spend much time talking about how diversity should be taught in classrooms. Instead, they spend most of their time focusing on any special issues they have in their school. If your school does not deal with the special issues that your students are dealing with, this may not be a topic that you should teach about.You also need to know that classroom diversity can come in many forms. Some students do not realize how much their community has faced problems that may affect them and their families, and it is important that they kn ow what is going on in their communities. Other students recognize that this is an issue that they should be able to learn about, and they are looking for a way to find ways to start taking steps to change their community's opinions on this subject.Now, when you are choosing a topic for your class, you want to make sure that you are very specific. You do not want to choose a topic that will only bring out anger in students. No matter how sensitive you are with this topic, you need to make sure that you are really careful.The best way to go about finding a topic is to write about a subject that you personally are interested in, but that you do not need to bring up in the class. This may mean choosing a topic that is not something that everyone has been discussing recently, but if it is something that can bring out what your class is dealing with, then it can be a good idea. It may also mean looking at a topic that is similar to one that your students have been discussing in class.Be careful, though, as there are some topics that can really make students feel bad. While many of the essays on these topics are actually meant to bring up topics in your class that you know students have been avoiding, there are also some that can make students feel really uncomfortable. If you are able to choose a topic that will allow you to bring up topics without making students feel uncomfortable, you should consider it.Make sure that you think about the extra credit that you get from doing an essay on this topic. Even if you choose the wrong topic for a class, you will still get extra credit for it. Plus, if your topic focuses on something that you learned about recently, it may be a good idea to also write a paragraph to explain it to your students in class.Diversity is something that can be handled in any kind of classroom. Whether you want to talk about different kinds of problems that are facing communities today, or how you hope to be a part of changing those problems, you can find a topic that will work for you. Just make sure that you are careful and that you find a topic that can be handled without making students feel awkward.

Circe, Circa 1925 - Literature Essay Samples

In The Sun Also Rises, Earnest Hemingway depicts the independent Lady Brett Ashley, the main female character in the novel, as a selfish, careless, and superficial woman. She was perhaps once a compassionate woman: she was a nurse during the Great War, and was by Jake Barnes side during his recovery from his wound. However, the loss of her true love to dysentery during the war and Jakes inability to physically love her are two factors that have left her disillusioned. She is just as unhappy and aimless as every other character in the novel; she drinks constantly, and sleeps with nearly every man she meets. Furthermore, like the sorceress Circe in Homers Odyssey, she turns men into swine (148). Often her mere presence is disruptive: on many occasions, she only has to appear, and the men will begin to fight among themselves about her.As she confides to Jake Barnes, Oh, darling, Ive been so miserable (32), Brett is just as unhappy as the other characters in the novel, and her depression leads her to engage in self-destructive behavior. Just as the men in the novel aimlessly wander from bar to bar, trying to imbibe enough alcohol to forget their problems, Brett wanders from man to man, vainly using sex as a method of lifting her spirits. She often accompanies the men in their bar-hopping, drinking just as much as they do. Her engagement in these two destructive behaviors demonstrates her misery; Brett is arguably the most depressed character in the novel, second only to Jake. Her emotional agony has similar origins as that of the men in the novel: the Great War.Brett has not only been affected by the loss of her true love to dysentery, and an abusive marriage to Lord Ashley, but has also been mentally scarred by her experiences as a nurse. Although she did not fight in the filth-ridden trenches, Brett cared for the men who did. One can imagine that she had to soothe screaming men who were past any hope of survival, constantly telling them that they would live. It w as during her time as a nurse that Brett met Jake, and therefore always knew about his wound. Despite this, they still fall in love. However, by the time the reader is acquainted with both Brett and Jake, he is aware that there is great tension between them because of their inability to physically love each other. During their time together in Paris, unable to do anything else, Brett and Jake drive aimlessly around in taxis; their wanderings serve as a metaphor for their directionless relationship and lives. Furthermore, Bretts sexual promiscuity is her method of trying to convince herself that she is not deeply upset by her inability to physically love Jake.Although Brett is extraordinarily unhappy and disillusioned, she is also inexcusably careless, selfish and disruptive. As her fiance Mike observes, Brett, like Circe, turns men into swine (148). An extremely beautiful woman who knows how to show off her figure, Brett constantly attracts both positive and negative attention to he rself. Men are instantly attracted to her, and she further reins them in with her charisma. Unfortunately, men are on their worst behavior when they are around her, constantly fighting over her. For example, whenever Brett appears at a restaurant or bar, quarrels ensue between men such as her alcoholic fiance Mike, and Robert Cohn, who is smitten with her. Brett never attempts to stop them, instead she sits and listens, passively absorbing all that is going on around her.Brett further turns men into swine by selfishly seducing and then abandoning them. She engages in a relationship with Pedro Romero, a promising young Spanish bullfighter, fifteen years her junior. Unlike Jake and his expatriate friends, Romero is completely honest and moral, drinking comparatively little, and spending most of his time concentrating on his bullfighting. However, Bretts relationship with him is corruptive, and she drags him into her world of debauchery. A fight breaks out between Romero and Robert Coh n when Cohn finds the two lovers together. It is only after Romero has been beaten that Brett realizes that their relationship is unhealthy, and she breaks it off, citing later on that she is, not going to be one of those bitches that ruins children (247.) After Brett breaks off her relationship with Romero, one can sense that he has been irreversibly changed.Brett is as careless in everyday life as she is in her relationships with men. When Romero kills a special bull, its ears are cropped, and given to her as a gift. She takes this prize and throws it in the back of a drawer with her garbage, and this action is reflective of her thoughtless, selfish attitude, demonstrating that she feels no value for anything.As Brett confesses, she has had a hell of a time (245.) Despite her selfishness and immoral behavior, it is easy to pity Brett. She has survived an abusive marriage, the loss of her true love, nursing during the Great War, and the inability to physically love Jake. All this h as left her depressed, and with a feeling of worthlessness.

Capital Punishment A Controversial Topic - 1929 Words

Iris I. Castillo Professor McGowan ENC 1101 CRN 31446 27 July 2014 Abolishing Capital Punishment in United States The capital punishment is a controversial topic that has been unresolvable for years in the United States. The heated debate over capital punishment has been divisive between groups that support the practice and others that condemn it. Currently about 70% of Americans support the death penalty, but do they know the realities of the death penalty? Capital punishment has been in existence for centuries, marked by many historical events (Henderson 7). It is a derivative of slavery, lynching and racial discrimination which have been, â€Å"the darkest aspect of the American history† (Bright 152). The death penalty is not implemented in every killing; it is only executed in 1% of all murder cases (Bright 153). Capital punishment should be abolished because it is a violation to human rights, it is inflicted arbitrarily, and unfair when innocent people were mistakenly punished at times. Although many believe the death penalty is an a ppropriate punishment for criminals, it is actually degrading to the society partaking in the same animalistic behavior that the delinquents did. The death penalty is a denial to human rights because it violates the right to life as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Right that was adopted in 1948 by the United Nations. The declaration proclaims, â€Å"The rights of every individual to protection from deprivation of life† [and] â€Å"noShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : A Controversial Topic Within The Legal System And The General Public2097 Words   |  9 PagesCapital punishment is a highly controversial topic within the legal system and the general public. 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Customer Satisfaction Lead to Loyalty - 2303 Words

Final Report Business Research Methods Topic Study the influence of Service Quality with product leads to customer loyalty in Telecom Sector (Ufone) Submitted by: Sr. # Group members: Reg. No.# Muhammad Adnan L1S13MBAM2049 Muhammad Asim L1S13MBAM0027 Nabil Abdul Majeed L1S13MBAM2012 Saad Rafique Ali L1S13MBAM0047 Huma Zafar L1S13MBAM2010 Sameera Waheed L1S13MBAM2050 Submitted To: Prof. Amna Zulfiqar Signature: Table of contents Page # Introduction 03 Importance/ significance 04 Explanation of Variables 05 Service Quality (independent variable) 05 Customer loyalty (dependent variable) 05 Relationship between†¦show more content†¦It means says when a customer consistently rebus your product in the future unrespectable situational influences it shows customer loyalty. Customer loyalty plays a vital role in organization to achieving its profitability. Organizations should give preference to customer’s feelings and their needs should be the main concern in order to achieve customer loyalty (Akhter et al., 2011) Most companies struggle for customer loyalty as the competition reaches at its peak in telecommunication sector. Indeed, customer satisfaction is integral part in determining why customers leave or stay with an organization. Therefore, organizations need to know how to keep their customers. Every organization has come to realize that in order to survive, it has to acquire and then retain profitable customers. Company should consider those customers which shows high satisfaction which leads to customer loyalty .this result in increasing company’s profitability. Company should also focus on customers who are not satisfied in order to increase profitability. Importance /significance Customer loyalty plays important role in telecommunication sector. Companies can rely on making research upon their satisfied customers for improving the service quality or other factors exists that make the loyal customers. After getting knowledge by making research; telecommunication sectors can possibly be able to focus on their customers touch point where they can improve the service. Now aShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Customer Satisfaction On A Firm s Profitability1334 Words   |  6 Pagesformulated: H1: Customer satisfaction has positive lagged influence on a firm’s profitability. H1a: Customer satisfaction has immediate influence on a firm’s profitability. How profitability affects customer satisfaction Most of the literature focuses on the impact of customer satisfaction on profitability. This particular research acknowledges the possibility of profitability affecting the customer satisfaction. Research attempts to analyse the effect of past profitability on customer satisfaction. ConsideringRead MoreRelationship Between Customer Satisfaction And Consumer Loyalty1520 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween customer satisfaction and consumer loyalty and apply its relationship into all the market industries including products and services, particularly in financial institutions. Preliminary sample data (N=80) will be collected from faculties and students at Johnson and Wales University of all ethnicities, national and international students. The hypothesis of the study is developed as H1: There is a significant positive relationship between customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. A t-testRead MoreThe High Quality Relationship With Customers1322 Words   |  6 Pagesaccording to customersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ expectations. 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The important factor to understand is weather those factors lead to long term business profitabilityRead MoreService Quality Measurement Of Quality Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective, understand this aspect it in terms of customer perception, customer expectation, customer attitude, customer satisfaction, and cus tomer delight , external perspective is becoming important in the light of increasing consumer awareness, changing consumer tastes and growing consumer expectation . There are significant differences in measuring the satisfaction of service consumers and physical product consumers. Physical product consumer satisfaction is measured with instruments describing theRead MoreWhat Factors Influence Customer Retention Towards Apple Iphone? Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pages What factors influence customer retention towards the Apple iPhone? Fall2016 Public Administration 603 Final Project Report (PA603) California State University: San Bernardino Contents 1. Abstract 1 2. Introduction 2 3. Literature Review Research Hypotheses 3 3.1 Brand Loyalty 3 3.2 Customer Satisfaction 4 3.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 5 3.4 Research Limitation 5 4. Methodologies 6 Supervisors Colleagues 6 5. Data Analysis 7 6. Discussion 8 7. Conclusion 9 References 10 AppendicesRead MoreConceptual Model And Framework . According To Above Literature1345 Words   |  6 Pagesimage, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This research sets up hypotheses H1, H2, H3, confirm how these factors to influence and relate to each other. (Figure 1) H1 H2 H3 Figure 1. Relationship between Brand Images, Customer Satisfaction and Customer loyalty Hypothesis H1. There is a strong relationship between customer loyalty and Brand image H2. There is a strong relationship between customer loyalty and Customer satisfactionRead MoreCommunication : A Important Factor1549 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant factor that needs to consider for building relationship with customer and make them loyal. Communication needs to be two way between customer and company. Social media platform has enriched communications among people. Therefore, it has open up new opportunity for companies to interact with customer more. Companies can open up their page to increase interaction with the customer on social media platform. On the other, customers also interested to interact with brands page and know brand theirRead MoreService Quality As A Core Competitive Strategy1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness and banking sector in this case is not an exception .A bank customer will be loyal if they can produce greater value than their competitor (Dawes and Swailes 1999). In addition, higher profit will be earned by the banks if they can position them selves better than the competitors within a specific market (Davis at al. 1995) Therefore, banks should focus on service quality as a core competitive strategy. Customer loyalty, Oliver (1999) defined like acommitment to re-buy or re-patronize decisionRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay831 Words   |  4 Pages CRM: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Firm Profitability Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a tool that helps track, manage and supply information about customer’s interactions with an organization to help contribute to customer satisfaction that leads to customer loyalty. Additionally, CRM programs provide tools and applications designed to target their efforts on the most profitable customers, target new potential customers, and generate sales and maintain relationships

What Is an Oriel Window in Architecture

An oriel window is a set of windows, arranged together in a bay, that protrudes from the face of a building on an upper floor and is braced underneath by a bracket or corbel. Most people call them bay windows when located on the first floor and oriel windows only if they are on an upper floor. Functionally, oriel windows not only increase the light and air entering a room, but also expand the floor space without changing the buildings foundation dimensions. Aesthetically, oriel windows became a landmark detail for Victorian-era architecture, although they are present in structures earlier than the 19th century. Origin of the Oriel: This type of bay window probably originated during the Middle Ages, in both Europe and the Middle East. The oriel window may have developed from a form of porch—oriolum is the Medieval Latin word for porch or gallery. In Islamic architecture, the mashrabiya (also called moucharabieh and musharabie) is considered a type of oriel window. Known for its ornamented lattice screen, the  mashrabiya traditionally was a protruding box-like architectural detail that functioned as a way to keep drinking water cool and interior spaces well-ventilated in a hot Arabian climate. The mashrabiya continues to be a common feature of modern Arab architecture. In Western architecture these protruding windows most certainly attempted to catch the movement of the sun, especially during winter months when daylight is limited. In Medieval times, capturing light and bringing fresh air into interior spaces was thought to benefit health, both physically and mentally. Bay windows also expand the interior living space without changing the footprint of a building—a centuries-old trick when property taxes are calculated on a foundations width and length. Oriel windows are not dormers, because the protrusion does not break the line of the roof. However, some architects such as Paul Williams (1894-1980) have used both oriel and dormer windows on one house to create an interesting and complementary effect (view image). Oriel Windows in American Architectural Periods: The reign of British Queen Victoria, between 1837 and 1901, was a long era of growth and expansion in both Great Britain and the United States. Many architectural styles are associated with this time period, and particular styles of American Victorian architecture are characterized by having protruding window sets, including oriel windows. Buildings in the Gothic Revival and Tudor styles often have oriel windows. Eastlake Victorian, Chateauesque, and Queen Anne styles may combine oriel-like windows with turrets, which are characteristic of those styles. Many urban brownstone facades in the Richardsonian Romanesque style have oriel windows. In American skyscraper history, the Chicago School architects are known to have experimented with oriel designs in the 19th century. Most notably, John Wellborn Roots spiral staircase for the 1888 Rookery Building in Chicago is known as the oriel staircase. Roots design is actually a fire escape required by the city after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Root enclosed the stairs in what architecturally appeared to be a very long oriel window attached to the rear of the building. Like a typical oriel window, the staircase did not reach the ground floor, but ended on the second floor, now part of the elaborate lobby design by Frank Lloyd Wright. Other architects in 19th century America used oriel-like architecture to increase interior floor space and optimize natural light and ventilation in the tall building, a new form of architecture that would become known as the skyscraper. For example, the architecture team of Holabird Roche designed the 1894 Old Colony Building, an early Chicago School tall building, with all four corners protruding. The oriel towers start on the third floor and hang over the lot line or footprint of the building. The architects had cleverly found a way to use airspace to increase square footage beyond the property line. Summary of Characteristics: Oriel windows have no strict or definitive definitions, so know how your locality defines this architectural construction, especially when you live in a historic district. The most obvious identifying characteristics are these: (1)   As a bay-type window, the oriel window projects from the wall on an upper floor and does not extend to the ground; (2) In Medieval times, the bay was supported by brackets or corbels underneath the protruding structure—often these brackets were highly ornate, symbolic, and even sculptural. Todays oriel windows may be engineered differently, yet the bracket remains—traditional, but more ornamental than structural. One could even argue that the oriel window is forerunner to Frank Lloyd Wrights cantilever construction.

The Problem Of Illicit Drugs - 1714 Words

Would it be morale to legalize drugs, and would it be right to do. The questions that I am going to look at from the point of view of the ethical principles of Mills , Kant , and Rawls, are is it moral for what are presently considered illicit drugs to become legally produced in the US. The next question will be is it moral for individuals to consume what are presently considered illicit drugs. I will also be stating my best arguments for my views on this subject and wither a criminal organization should be held responsible for supporting these problems. The first question that I am going to look at is it moral for what are presently considered illicit drugs to become legal produced is the US. Starting out with†¦show more content†¦For the reason that drugs do bring some kind of happiness even though it does cause pain later down the line. Drugs bring happiness by allowing people to escape their pain in their lives for a certain amount of time. So you can state that since d rugs do bringing the highest happiness to someone’s life even if it ruins their life it does bring the highest balance of pleasure to pain while you use the drugs. Also from the article it would be moral because you would be taking money and power away from the Mexican drug cartel which brings happiness because they produce drugs illegally and kill people for it. The happiness that could be gained from the financial gains can also not be ignored because with it being legal it brings another revenue stream in and taking out the cost of fighting the drug wars could be put to something that brings society a better happiness. (Article Page one, two) The next principle I am going to apply to the question is Kant and his Categorical Imperative which is a binding moral agreement no matter the situation. The other parts of Kant’s ethical principle is universalizability which is when the person’s reasons for acting must be reasons that everyone could act on at least in principle. The next part of the principle is Reversibility which is the person’s reasons for acting must be

The Onset Of A Disability Essay - 970 Words

Disability The onset of a disability at any stage can greatly affect how one develops through life. According the Newman (2015), â€Å"if the conflict of a stage is handled well, a new sense of mastery and competence emerges† (pg. 66). Along with dealing with the predictable psychosocial crisis (generativity vs. stagnation), Sam was facing three unforeseen stressors. These stressors included the loss of employment, his daughter starting her own family, and the untimely tragic death of his son. Due to these stressors, Sam began to suffer from depression. According to Newman (2015), one who is chronically depressed and facing stagnation may lose their will to live. It was evident though the interview, that Sam’s depression impacted his sense of self worth and hopes for the future. If major depression is left untreated as one transition into later adulthood, one may see a further decline in activity engagement. One can also speculate that if the depression continue s, it will begin to affect a person’s physical health (Blazer, 2003). One could surmise that Sam was once in a state of generativity as he was the â€Å"bread winner† of the household and took an active parenting role with his children. He was actively attaining a level of generativity through his employment and by raising his children. Unfortunately, a series of events derailed Sam’s role and with the onset of depression, he entered a state of stagnation. Sam was forced to retire which made it very difficultShow MoreRelatedAn Assessment Of Natural History1377 Words   |  6 Pagespatients showed episodic progression of both sign and symptoms with intervening stability, yet around 2/3 of patients showed subtle clinical decline during the period of stability. In 20% of patients, there was slow and steady deterioration. 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Perhaps as a consequence of these additional influences, family caregivers of children with disabilities can be at increased risk to experience depression, physical health problems, andRead MoreMost Common Auto Immune Disease1708 Words   |  7 Pages1 is identified as a rare type, with no radiographic progression, type 2 is a slow or moderate onset with increasing progression, type 3 is a moderate-to-fast onset with stable progression, type 4 is a fast onset with a decreased progression rate, and type 5 is a slow onset with acceleration in progression, then deceleration (Graudal et al, 2004). Having any of the five types of RA can cause disability as a result of joint damage, lo wers quality of life, and can lead to other comorbidities such as

Decision Support Tools Conditional Profits

Question: Discuss about theDecision Support Tools forConditional Profits. Answer: The conditional profits as calculated by the manufacturer can be shown as: p(s1) = 0.3 p(s2) = 0.7 s1 s2 a1 30,000 16,000 a2 10,000 24,000 Table 1: The Conditional Profits (source created by author) Part a From the decision support tools we can use the method of Expected value with perfect information criteria (EVPI). By using the method of EVPI For the method For the method In comparing the EVPI for the production methods a1 and a2 we find that the EVPI of a1 is 20,200 and a2 is 19,800. The EVPI of a1 is greater than the EVPI of a2. Hence the manufacturer should choose a1. Part b According to the marketing consultant considering prior probabilities the demand being good s1 is 0.35 and the demand being poor s2 = 0.65 p(s1) = 0.35 p(s2) = 0.65 s1 s2 a1 30,000 16,000 a2 10,000 24,000 Table 2: The Decision tools with prior probabilities (source created by author) Using the EVPI method: For the method For the method Thus with the condition of prior probabilities the EVPI for the method a1 is more than a2. The EVPI for a1 is 20,900 and for a2 is 19,100. Thus with the condition of prior probabilities the management should choose method a1. Part c According to the marketing consultant considering posterior probabilities the demand being good s1 is 0.80 and the demand being poor s2 = 0.20 p(s1) = 0.80 p(s2) = 0.20 s1 s2 a1 30,000 16,000 a2 10,000 24,000 Table 3: The Decision tools with posterior probabilities (source created by author) Using the EVPI method: For the method For the method Thus with the condition of posterior probabilities the EVPI for the method a1 is more than a2. The EVPI for a1 is 27,200 and for a2 is 12,800. Thus with the condition of prior probabilities the management should choose method a1. Part d In all the above three methods when the management has made has done his own calculations, with the prior and posterior probabilities (as defined by the consultant) the method a1 provides the maximum benefit to the manufacturer. Thus we do not find any reason to hire the consultant (Kerzner, 2014). Step 1 The first step is to calculate the cumulative probabilities for both the time between arrivals of the patients and the service time of the patients. The random numbers are generated for the cumulative probabilities. Figure 1: Screenshot of the Simulation 1 (source created by author) From the above simulation we see that the first patient arrives 25 minutes after the service starts. Since the nurse is then free hence the service of the patient starts immediately. The service nurse was then waiting for 15 minutes. For the first patient the time taken by the nurse was 25 minutes. The service time for the patient ends 40 minutes after the start of service. The second patient arrives at 40 minutes. Since by this time the nurse has finished her work with the first patient, she can start her nursing with the 2nd patient immediately. The nursing activity on the 2nd patient takes place for 30 minutes. She finishes her work at 70 minutes after the start of the service. The 3rd patient arrives 65 minutes after the start of service. Since the nurse has not finished her task with the 2nd patient hence the 3rd patient has to wait for 5minutes before activity on the patient can start. From the simulation, we can see that from 65 minutes till 120 minutes there is a patient always waiting since the nurse has not finished her activity with the previous patient. Thus there is a requirement of a second nurse accordingly (Render et.al., 2014). References Kerzner, H.R., (2014). Project Management 2.0. John Wiley Sons Render, B., Ralph, M.S.J, Hanna, M.E., Hale, T.S. (2014). Quantitative analysis for management. 12th Ed. Pearson Education

Americans visit the movies everyday in search of a Essay Example For Students

Americans visit the movies everyday in search of a Essay couple hours filled with mind blowing entertainment. Is it the digitally re-mastered sound, the out-of-this-world special effects, or tear jerker dramas? New movies are released every week, but what movies are the top grossing movies of all time? What is it that got these movies to the top twenty? The following is a list of the top twenty grossing movies of all time: Movie Year Total Gross (Millions) 1. Titanic 1997 $601 2. Star Wars 1977 $461 3. Star Wars: Episode I 1999 $431 4. E.T. 1982 $400 5. Jurassic Park 1993 $357 6. Forest Gump 1994 $329 7. Lion King, The 1994 $313 8. Star Wars: Episode VI 1983 $309 9. Independence Day 1996 $305 10. Sixth Sense, The 1999 $294 11. Star Wars: Episode V 1980 $290 12. Home Alone 1990 $286 13. Jaws 1975 $260 14. Batman 1989 $251 15. Men In Black 1997 $250 16. Toy Story 2 1999 $246 17. Raiders of the Lost Ark 1981 $242 18. Twister 1996 $240 19. Ghostbusters 1984 $239 20. Beverly Hills Cop 1984 $235 As more and more movies release, what type of movies make it to the top twenty? Judging from the top twenty list, about 60% of the top twenty can be considered Action movies. A majority of the movies in the top twenty are Action/Adventure/Sci-Fi. 40% can be considered Horror/Thriller movies, and only a mere four movies out of twenty can be considered a Comedy. Americans would find more enjoyment from an Action packed Sci-Fi Thriller than a family fun Comedy. The Top Twenty Grossing Movie list is made by highest grossing point, which means total money made. Each decade more and more movies reach the top twenty. In the top twenty, 2 movies released in the 70s, 7 from the 80s, and 11 from the 90s. A major factor that caused this is inflation. The #1 Top Grossing Movie, Titanic, topped off at $601 million, each movie ticket for Titanic was around $5-$8 per ticket. Lets say that Gone With the Wind, #31 on the Top Grossing Movie List, was released at the same time Titanic was, instead of 1939. The total gross sales for Gone With the Wind would top the charts destroying Titanic. Inflation has such an impact on the list , maybe the list should be based on an equal inflation. Not many sequels ever make it to the top twenty. One set of sequels in particular had all of its sequels in the top twenty list. All of Star Wars sequels have made it to the top twenty, and two of the movies take #2 and #3 on the list. The only Sequels to make it to the top twenty, besides Star Wars, is Toy Story 2. Americans do not seem to be attracted to sequels as much as an original movie. Many factors, such as types of movies, story line, and sequels, go into the Top 20 All-Time Grossing Films list , but none effect it clearly as much as inflation. .

College Essay Scholarship - Tips To Find One

College Essay Scholarship - Tips To Find OneWhen you are looking for a sample for essay scholarship, you might think you are better off finding some other grant source. While there is merit to this, you would be surprised at the lengths to which people will go to in order to get money. After all, you do not have to be rich to qualify for these types of scholarships.The first thing that you want to do when you are searching for a college essay scholarship is to talk to the person who has accepted your application. Make sure you ask if they really had to select you based on your scholarship application. Sometimes the college's equity officer selects students based on their essay. In either case, it's important to find out why they did this so that you can ask the same question.Often, the scholarship committee will start by asking a student how well their essays speak to the needs of the school. This is one of the things that they will look at to determine if they are deserving of a sch olarship.The second thing that you will want to ask the college essay committee is whether or not your essay made them decide to select you over another student. The reason that this is important is because if they selected you over someone else because of their essay, then you stand to make a good case to them for getting more money. If they were thinking about your other credentials, chances are they were going to pick you.Remember that even though they don't select a student based on their essay, they still have to read and critique it. They may have found a lot of flaws and it may help them decide to do a re-write. Even if they decide that your essay is okay, you can still ask if they have any other research that they would recommend.You should also be prepared to ask if they do not use these essays to choose their students. You may think that they would go to the very best essay writer in town but the truth is that they use a computer program to choose a few points. There is no thing wrong with this because it is a method that works for them.The last thing that you want to do when you are searching for a scholarship is to give yourself a good chance of getting the scholarship. It is okay to write a lot of essays. If you do all the writing yourself, you can make a good case for yourself.In order to find a college essay scholarship, you need to research the grant company and find out what they are looking for. Make sure that you choose the ones that fit what you are trying to do. In many cases, this means that you need to be highly qualified and highly motivated.

The Sullivans matrix report Essay Example

The Sullivans matrix report Essay Sullivans matrix introduces different ways to classify the IT/IS environment of an organisation. Within this matrix, there are four environments: Traditional, Opportunistic, Complex and Backbone. The idea of this report is to describe how the IS/IT environment of Inditex fits into Sullivans matrix. According to Ward Peppard (2002) organisations with a traditional IT/IS environment have a highly centralised control of their IT resources. IS is not critical to the business and IT is solely used to improve efficiency on a system-by-system basis. McAfee (2004) raises many points in his article to suggest that the IT/IS of Inditex fits into this Traditional environment. Inditex see IT as merely an enabler for their business. McAfee (2004) confirms this theory as he states that The role of IT, then, is to support the process (McAfee, 2004). Ward Peppard state that within a Traditional environment, IT is simply used to support business processes and to improve the efficiency of the organisation. Another point which supports the theory is that Inditex have an excellent IT and business alignment. business goals always shape the companys use of technology, never vice versa (McAfee, 2004). This portrays Inditex as being entirely business-led where organisational goals invariably define technological innovation. This ethos confirms their desire not to waste money on new systems which do not provide a business value or solution to a specific business problem. McAfee relates to this theory as an inside-out approach. To sum up the arguments, Inditex has one principle which fully shows that their IT/IS environment is Traditional: computerisation is standardised and targeted. You can see this on the low IT budget which is estimated 0. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sullivans matrix report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Sullivans matrix report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Sullivans matrix report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 5% of revenue and the IT staff of 50. Despite Inditexs focus on the Traditional environment, there are also subtle undertones of Sullivans other three IT/IS environments displayed within the organisation. For example, there are factors which show that elements of Inditexs IT/IS environment is Complex. They are dependent on their PDAs which can also be difficult to manage. In addition they are also largely decentralized, because each store manager has to manage his PDA. This is also the case with regards to their POS systems. Inditex is a company with branches around the world. This makes it difficult to manage each POS in every store. In some points, the IT/IS environment of Inditex also displays Opportunistic aspects. In the case of Inditex the attributes for a Complex and Opportunistic environment are very similar. However, one of the more important factors to consider is the teamwork and cooperation conducted within Inditex. Their success is mainly based on the decision making abilities of their staff. This strategy is ensured as technologists work with line managers to understand what the business requires and then start proposing solutions which shows that the workforce is closely integrated and dependent more upon teamwork and decision making than IT capabilities. This type of culture is defined by Ward Peppard (2002) as being an Opportunistic trait as they state that integration of systems occurs due to user-user cooperation occurs within this type of environment. We also examined whether Inditex had aspects of a Backbone IS/IT environment. This may be a factor as the business processes are highly customised, thus the stores may be dependent on PDAs for instance. However, we do not have enough information from the article to be sure whether traits of the Backbone environment exist within their structure. In the late 1990s when other organisations spent vast sums of money on new technologies, Inditex withheld a Traditional framework. Great success has ultimately been achieved while The relative absence of computers throughout Inditex is nothing short of amazing (McAfee, 2004). Inditex has minimized the use of technology to their business needs and therefore they perform efficiently. In our opinion it is not important to classify which IT/IS environment Inditex has. It is more important that the IT/IS environment matches the business environment and the business needs so that IT can become a value creator in the organisation. There are different types of information, which organisations have to handle. Examples of such information types include business process information (which documents any information about the processes of the organisation), information relating to physical-world observations (which relies on new technologies like GPS or RFID) and biological data containing biometrical information of their customers or employees. Government institutions also use public data like CCTV for public surveillance but the most important data types are those which indicates personal preferences or intentions which is often used by those within the retail market. Once these types of information have been collated, an organisational culture must be established to determine the way in which information should be stored, managed and shared within the organisation to adhere to the goals and objectives set out within the information strategy. Essential for the success of any information management strategy is the existence of an appropriate information culture. An information culture can be defined as the values, attitudes and behaviours that influence the way employees at all levels in the organization sense, collect, organize, process, communicate and use information. (Ward Peppard, 2002 p470) There are four types of information culture defined by Marchand (1995): Functional Culture Within this culture it is the managers prerogative regarding which information is made available to the staff. It also follows a hierarchical structure regarding information sharing. Sharing Culture In this culture there is flat structure which is utilised to encourage trust and openness in order to share information between management and staff members. This culture is based on emotions such as trust which can be either advantageous or detrimental to the operation of the organisation or department as these emotions can frequently change. Enquiring Culture This culture may be used as an effective prediction to provide guidance for future developments. It is based on a sharing culture where managers and staff collaborate while it enables the organisation to reduce the time-to-market of their products. Discovery Culture This culture adds to the enquiring culture and focuses on analysing the gathered information. This helps to provide the organisation with a view of changing environments, competitor performance, areas of possible expansion and potential market entry for the future etc. These cultures are mostly found as combinations in organisations. Organisations have different information assets and their staff members have different information needs. Therefore, in order to use these information assets appropriately you need a customised culture which is aligned to the information needs of the organisation. Tesco provide us with a good example of this cross-over in culture definition as information is generally produced at the managerial level and distributed amongst the workforce while it can also be shared amongst line managers and employees at all levels throughout the organisation. An enquiring culture is also used to develop certain areas of the business to enable future profitability while a discovery culture is in place for Tescos attempted entry into markets such as insurance, banking and Internet broadband. All of these points convey Tesco as a multi-culture organisation where different sectors of their business follow different cultures. As we have discussed, the behaviours and attitudes of a workforce can have a profound effect on the success of an organisations performance. For this reason, the information culture must match the requirements of employees in order to facilitate a successful information strategy. Trust and receptiveness are just two behavioural traits which must be monitored in order for employee acceptance. The importance of considering these factors is agreed by Ferguson et al. who state that sustainable competitive advantage will rely on two very human characteristics: insight and trust (Ferguson et al. , 2005 p58). From this point, we can conclude that the consideration of human aspects is vital for the strategic success of information and without an information culture, it can be very difficult to monitor and influence the behaviour and attitudes of the workforce. References Ferguson, G., Mathur, S., Shah, B. (2005). Evolving From Information to Insight. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(2), 51-58. Marchand, D.A. (1995, 8 December). What is your companys information culture? Financial Times, pp. 10-11. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2002). Strategic Planning for Information Systems. West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons

Health Dissertation ideas - Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry The WritePass Journal

Health Dissertation ideas - Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry Introduction Pathology that causes metatarsalgia Health Dissertation ideas Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry ). Patients often describe their feeling of â€Å"lump† on the foot’s bottom. Significantly, these symptoms may rise when the infected carries out a weight-bearing activity. Reports indicate that closed-toed shoes, particularly the tight-fitting ones can lead to increase in symptoms, and patients report relief after they remove or change their shoes (Summers, 2010). Relief may also be experienced when the patient massages their foot or moves the toes around. Aetiology of this condition and how it would be recognised clinically Research has established that Morton’s neuroma is unique in terms of clinical diagnostic requirements or needs (Drury, 2011). This is because although patients frequently report symptoms such as numbness, there is evidence that sensory deficit may or may not be found when the patient goes through examination. Drury (2011) observes that there may be a demonstration of splaying or divergence of the digits when clinical presentation is carried out, and that more often than not little or no edema or inflammation can be observed clinically. Typically, reproducing pain with palpation to the intermetatarsal space is a normal activity, but care must be taken to put the pressure in the space, and avoid the metatarsal heads. There have been various clinical strategies to assist clinicians effectively diagnose Morton’s neuroma. Schreiber et al (2011); Faraj and Hosur (2010) report that patients may demonstrate a Mulder’s sign, which is provoked by squeezing the forefoot and conducting application of plantar and dorsal pressure. In other words, clinical test for Morton’s neuroma has all along been to   compress the foot by applying pressure to the medical and lateral aspects of the foot at the metatarsophangeal joints, which in turn puts pressure on nerves (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2010: 503). A positive clinical test outcome involves a pop or click that can be felt and heard at the same time. This pop or click is usually painful to the patient. There is a possibility of replicating symptoms of Morton’s neuroma in a process involving Gauthier’ test, where the forefoot is squeezed and medial to lateral pressure is applied (Beltran et al., 2010). Mayo Clinic (2010) has subsequently described a test consisting of hyperextending the toes and rolling the thumb of the examiner in the area of symptoms, a process that may identify a tender, thickened, and longitudinal mass of flesh. Clinical findings also indicate that Morton’s neuroma may also show Tinel’s sign as well as Valleix phenomenon (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman, 2012). The other pathway for detecting Morton’s neuroma is diagnostic testing. This process involves plain radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (Summers, 2010). Radiographs are routinely ordered to rule out musculoskeletal pathology, even though rise in proximity of the adjacent metatarsal heads is believed to result in increased pressure of the intermetatarsal nerve. Furthermore, Hause (2010) found no significant correlation between radiographic findings and the clinical presence of neuromas. In addition, there is the recommendation to use ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation of the interspaces (Hause, 2010). Drury (2011: 19) observes that there is a likelihood of a neuroma appearing as an ovoid mass with hypoechoic signal-mass to the long axis of the metatarsals. . Adams (2010), however, advises that although MRI is a useful diagnostic tool, it should always be reserved for atypical presentations or to eliminate multiple neuromas. Significantly, neuroma can be best identified on T1 weighted images, and it’s likely to come out as a well-demarcated mass with minimal signal intensity.   In summary, clinical diagnostic approach to identify Morton’s neuroma can be achieved by ensuring that examination and diagnostic testing has ruled out any other etiologies of symptoms. Conservative treatment intervention for Morton’s neuroma No best treatment interventions have been identified in the literature for treatment of Morton’s neuroma. Conservative intervention for Morton’s neuroma is considered to be one of the best treatments alternatives for the condition. However, some of the common conservative treatment options involve changing shoe type, use of metatarsal pads, and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, administering sclerosing alcohol injections, and surgically transposing the offending nerve (Summers, 2010). Many doctors and physical therapists have recommended that patients are put to rest for a specific period of time, and reduce activities that may elicit pain (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2012). Injections as an intervention Various clinical studies have exposed the need to consider injection as a better treatment option for Morton’s neuroma over other non-surgical treatment options available. In a study conducted by Drury (2010) different conservative treatment measures often produce similar results. In a small randomised prospective study of 23 patients, the researchers compared reduction in neuroma pain when supinatory or pronatory insoles are used. In the study, there was no explicit inclusion or exclusion criteria other than clinical diagnosis, and no participant or evaluator was considered blind to the intervention allocations. The study had 13 percent of the participants (two patients) drop out after one month into the experiment. After 12 months, pain in the supination and pronation insole groups reduced by 50 percent and 45 percent, respectively- a reduction considered insignificant. In another study, a physically active 25-year-old female with diagnosed symptomatic Morton’s neuroma was put through a massage therapy sessions. The six-session massage therapy involved a 60-75 minute weekly massage exercise involving postural alignment in addition to localised foot and leg treatment. The patient was also put to complete at-home daily exercise, with a weekly monitoring of change by the therapist who reassessed the patient’s posture and ensuring the client fills out a pain survey based on a Visual Analog Scale. The results indicated progressive change on the side of the client in terms of pain character. Specific patient report indicates that the pain character changed from burning and stabbing to dull and pulsing sensation after three sessions. There was also a reduction in pain during exercise. Although this study suggests that massage therapy is a significant treatment for Morton’s neuroma, its weakness is based on the fact that the treatment only involved one client. No study has indicated the effectiveness of the method on a larger randomised control studies. In a prospective randomised study involving 82 patients, the researchers compared steroid injections alone based on shoe modifications (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman 2012). Some of the recorded primary outcomes were patient satisfaction, which is basically the presence or absence of pain, the pain intensity, and return of pain afterwards. The results of the study indicated that steroid injections yielded better outcome in terms of patient satisfaction, compared with other conservative options such as shoe   modifications alone. In this study, 23 percent of shoe-modification patients achieved complete satisfaction after one month of intervention. This was significantly lower than the 50 percent of patients who experienced significant pain reduction after one month of steroid injection. After six months, 28.6 percent of the participants experienced satisfaction with shoe modification, significantly lower than 73.5 percent satisfaction amongst those who had received injection. Although the difference was significant lower after one year with 63 percent satisfaction with shoe modification and 82 percent with injection, the reduction could have occurred because patients were allowed to cross over after six months. The researchers observed that no complications were reported, although the study was limited by a high cross-over rate from shoe modification group to injection group after 6moths. Some studies have investigated other techniques such as the use of sclerosing effects of alcohol (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2012; Schreiber, 2011; Beltran, 2010; Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010), where delivery is done by multiple injections guided by ultrasound techniques over time. Improvements were reported in term of clients’ satisfaction with no long-term adverse effects   in various case series. It is mostly recommended that even as an injection is used as the chosen treatment option, other supplementary management options such as shoe adjustments and calf-stretching exercises should also be implemented concurrently. However, in case the conservative interventions fail to work, many patients may be advised to undergo surgery to remove the neuroma or just to release pressure from ligaments. Studies have, however, indicated that 15 to 20 percent of these surgeries will not relieve the patient from pain, and may also lead to various complications such as local post-surgery infections, scar tissue, and damage of soft tissues which may affect normal foot functions. It has also been established that there is a possibility of neuroma recurring after the surgery. Conclusion Whilst the exact cause of Morton’s neuroma is not known, the common belief is that it is caused by hypermobility of the metatarsals. This may also be aggravated by repetitive motions involving grinding of nerve bundle. The common symptoms are patients describing their feeling of â€Å"lump† on the foot’s bottom. These symptoms may increase when the patient engages in weight-bearing activity. Research has established that symptoms that may be associated with Morton’s neuroma may not necessarily mean a person is suffering from the complication. This is why clinical diagnosis is often recommended. One of the most common clinical strategies that may be beneficial to clinicians diagnosing Morton’s neuroma is patients demonstrating Mulder’s sign. A positive clinical test outcome involves a pop or click that can be felt and heard at the same time. Clinical findings also indicate that Morton’s neuroma may also show Tinel’s sign as well as Valleix phenomenon (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman, 2012). Although there are various conservative therapies used to manage Morton’s neuroma complications including rest, weight loss, and exercise for muscle strengthening, orthotics, massage therapy, physiotherapy, and manipulation, these methods are found to be very effective. It’s against this backdrop that injection is found to be a more effective way of managing the complication as reported by clients’ satisfaction studies. Injection may involve steroid injection, local anaesthetic injections or sclerosant injections. Injections have been found to yield better outcome in terms of patient satisfaction, compared with other conservative options such as shoe modifications alone. It has also been established that there are no complications reported in injections. Medical practitioners, however, recommend that patients may be advised to undergo surgical intervention in case conservative interventions fail to yield desired results. References Adams WR. (2010). Morton’s neuroma. Clin Podiatr Med Surg., (2)7: 535-545. Beltran LS, Bencardino J, Ghazikhanian V, Beltran J. (2010). Entrapment neuropathies III; lower limb. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol, 14: 501-111. Berry K, Gonzalez P, and Bowman RG. (2012). Physical Medicine and Treatment for Morton Neuroma. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/308284-overview [Accessed November 17, 2014.]. Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, et al. (2010). Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report, Chiropractic Osteopathy, 18(3):1–33 Drury AL. (2011). Use of homeopathic injection therapy in treatment of Morton’s neuroma. Altern Ther Health Med, 2(1) 17-48. Faraj A, and Hosur A. (2010). The outcomes after using two different approaches for excision of Morton’s neuroma. Chinese Medical Journal, 12 (3): 2195- 2198. Hauser R. (2011). A retrospective observational study on Hackett-Hemwall dextrose prolotherapy for unresolved foot and toe pain at an outpatient charity clinical in rural Illinois. J of Prolotherapy 2 (3): 543-551. Mayo Clinic. (2010). Morton’s Neuroma. [Accessed September 16, 2010]. Available from: mayoclinic.com/health/mortons-neuroma/DS00468. Published Updated October 5, 2010. Pastides P, El-Sallakh S, Charalambides C. (2012) Morton’s neuroma: A clinical versus radiological diagnosis. Foot Ankle Surg, 18: 22-4. Pace A, Scammell B, Dhar S. (2010). The outcome of Morton’s neurectomy in the treatment of metatarsalgia. Int Orthop, 3 (4):511-5. Schreiber K, Khodaee M, Poddar S, Tweed EM. (2011). Clinical Inquiry. What is the best way to treat Morton’s neuroma? Int Orthop, 60: 157-158. Summers A. (2010). Diagnosis and treatment of Morton’s neuroma. Emerg Nurse, 1(8): 16-17.

Compare and Analyse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Compare and Analyse - Essay Example This has been caused by a sudden advancement in times and seasons. The times when general technology as well and information technology was left for the media alone, no longer exist (Wherle, 2009, pg76). Currently, almost everyone in the world is an IT expert since people have the idea of how to use a technology. However, it should be considered that this is the main aspect of life, that has witnessed a continuous advancement, hence emergence of the term technology development. Documentaries have been made using technology. Bob Dylan’s â€Å"Don’t look back† and Michael’s â€Å"Roger and Me†, are some to the documentaries that portrays a sense of a well used technology (Pennebaker, 1968, pg65). This essay compares the two documentary’s use of technology. Where, apart from the message in the movies, technology has proved a phenomenon to put into considering when watching this movie. First, it is noted here that, the media portrays a gap between message and medium, where Dylan’s’ manager by the name Albert Grossman who is the movie producer airs his client. Many will take this incident as a bad omen, however to him; he literally does it without thinking or rather taking it as a bad omen. Notably, during the cutting and editing of the documentary, it is clear as per the presentations that Grossman’s presence is felt (Eason, 2010, pg26). As much as this might be considered as an artistic job, the truth is that it portrayed a flattering idea at the edge. In this context, it can be noted that the question of centralization became centrally framed; this is evident prior to the presentation of each character. The film is made to be viewed in a very different phenomenon. The sound of observational documentary such as Don’t Look Back is muddy that makes it difficult for a person to differentiate particular person speech and the general uproar. In essence, the quality of the sound in the documentary is wanting since it is difficult to distinguish a

Standard Deviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Standard Deviation - Essay Example When the data points are spread apart and the bell-shaped curve is flat, the standard deviation -- and the variation -- is great. Standard deviation with regard to finance can be defined as "Statistical measure that shows the likelihood of an investment to yield above- or below-average returns over a period of time. For example, if hypothetical XYZ Fund has an average annual total return of 11% and a standard deviation of 6.00, which means XYZ Fund's performance is likely to vary from a low of 5% to a high of 17%. Calculated by the fund, standard deviation is only relative to the asset class being measured." (2) The standard deviation of investment returns is widely accepted as the best, and perhaps only commonly used indicator of portfolio risk in the investment management business. However, its usefulness is actually quite limited. In fact, relying on it can often produce misleading and inaccurate conclusions. Although standard deviation does provide some insight, and in many circumstances is in fact meaningful but there are a number of flaws associated with relying on the standard deviation of returns as a risk measure. The bigger flaw with standard deviation is that it isn't intuitive. ... Although standard deviation does provide some insight, and in many circumstances is in fact meaningful but there are a number of flaws associated with relying on the standard deviation of returns as a risk measure. The bigger flaw with standard deviation is that it isn't intuitive. Sure, a standard deviation of seven is obviously higher than a standard deviation of five, But are those high or low figures Because a fund's standard deviation is not a relative measure-which means it's not compared with other funds or with a benchmark-it is not very useful to you without some context. Another limitation to standard deviation lies with the underlying data. Most investors will recall normal distribution from their introduction to statistics course. This bell curve underlies all of the assumptions about standard deviation. If the underlying data is not normally distributed, then the standard deviation is likely to give misleading results. It's worth noting that a number of studies show that investment returns are not normally distributed. There are some drawbacks to using standard deviation as a measure of risk, however. It interprets any difference from the average, above or below, as bad. This runs contrary to the way most investors feel about returns. Few investors fret about their portfolios doubling; most only worry about the downside--their returns being below average. There is another theory which is called Utility Theory. "This theory gives us a way to measure investor's preferences for wealth and the amount of risk they Aftab 04 are willing to undertake in the hope of attaining greater wealth. This makes it possible to develop a theory of portfolio optimization. Thus utility theory lies at the heart of modern portfolio theory." (3) Definition of

The factors, which affect demand Essay Example for Free

The factors, which affect demand Essay Demand is the quantity of goods or services consumers will buy at a particular price, at a particular time period. Market demand refers to the sum of individual demand for a good or service. It is assumed that the demand being represented is effective demand- the ability of consumers not just to want, but be able to buy the product. Quantity demanded is the inverse function of price, however there are other factors which influence the level of demand. Factors influencing individual demand differ from the factors influencing market demand. The price of other goods and services affects the demand for a product. If a product has close substitutes, then the responsiveness of demand to change in price is high. The level of income of an individual also influences demand (especially effective demand). The higher ones income the number of wants to be satisfied. People on higher incomes spend more money on goods and services in absolute terms, but less in proportional terms due to their lower average propensity to consume. Personal preference and trends in fashion also dictate the level of individual demand. The size of the population, age composition, distribution of people by sex, and socio-economic status influence the market demand. Big businesses study the composition of the population to best establish their most viable market place. Both consumer expectations and the level of technological progress influence market demand. These factors may affect demand either positively or negatively, resulting in an expansion or contraction of demand. The following model works on the assumption that aside from price all other factors will be kept constant. When the demand curve shifts to the right or left this results in consumers willing to buy more/less of the product at every possible price. A shift in the demand curve could be resulting from changes in tastes, real income, population size and composition, consumer expectations or technological progress. These factors often work simultaneously to increase or decrease demand. However these factors do not apply similarly to all goods. The demand for generic brand products decreases as income rises. The price elasticity of demand refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. Elasticity is represented by the mathematical formula where the change in quantity demanded is divided by the change in price. If the resulting coefficient is less than one, the product is said to be inelastic. Thus, if prices change by a greater proportion than quantity demanded, the product is inelastic. This applies to basic goods and services, necessities such as bread, and habit-forming goods such as cigarettes. A good is unit elastic if the coefficient of the equation is equal to one. Thus the proportional change in price is equal to the proportional change in quantity demanded. If the proportional change in quantity is greater than the change in price, then the product is said to be elastic. These goods and services are usually quite durable, and high priced such as furniture. There are usually lots of close substitutes, and the industry of the good or service is very competitive. These concepts of elasticity can be visually represented by the gradient or slant of the demand curve. The steeper a curve, the greater the inelasticity, as changes in quantity demanded is quite small. The elasticity of a product is important to governments and producers in making economic decisions. For producers, the elasticity of a product determines any possible price changes. If a product is elastic for example, a price rise may lead to lower total revenue as demand sharply drops. Over the long term businesses try to overcome elasticity by building consumer goodwill and brand loyalty through advertising. Governments, likewise exploit elasticity to maximise total revenue. Governments usually impose high taxes on relatively inelastic goods such as alcohol and tobacco. Despite the higher cost of the product, the demand remains relatively similar, and thus governments earn more from their taxation policy. Both demand and elasticity work in conjunction to influence the decision making process of business and government. They are subject to change due to a number of external factors, yet help in maintaining equilibrium in the  market. Graphs *demand curve *expansion and contraction in demand *shifts in the demand curve *elasticity

Glory :: Movie Film Review Glory Essays

Glory Glory captures the heroism of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the first black regiment in the Civil War, the Massachusetts "Fighting" Fifty-fourth. An extremely talented cast and crew earned three Academy Awards (cinematography, sound and supporting actor) and five nominations for their work in Glory. The outstanding cinematography, sound, score and acting recreate the events leading up to the Union attack on Fort Wagner on July 18th 1863. Matthew Broderick portrays the young Bostonian abolitionist Col. Robert G. Shaw who takes command of the Fifty-fourth, following the Emancipation Proclamation. Shaw along with Cabot Forbes (Cary Elwes) leads a band of ex slaves, servants and other black volunteers including a rebellious runaway slave Trip (Denzel Washington), Shaw's educated childhood friend Thomas Searles (Andre Braugher), and a former grave digger Rawlins (Morgan Freeman). Together these men face the adversity of a racist Union Army, struggling to prove themselves worthy of their government issued blue uniforms. After months of training and exploitation for physical labor, the Fifty- fourth gains the opportunity to fight in an attack on Fort Wagner on the beaches of South Carolina. Poised to dispel the belief that blacks would not be disciplined under fire, the Fifty-fourth leads the almost suicidal attack on Ft. Wagner. There Col. Shaw valiantly falls and the Fifty-fourth, suffering great losses, displayed the courage that persuaded the Union to enlist many more black soldiers. Matthew Broderick delivers a noteworthy performance in the role of Col. Shaw, which Leonard Maltin calls his most ambitious part. In an interview for the New York Times, Broderick spoke of his method acting, "The first step [in preparing for the role of Robert Gould Shaw in Glory] was to try to learn as much as I could about the real person. That was mostly from letters, photographs, descriptions and a poem by Emerson. The thing I had to do was bring myself into that situation. I didn't want to be an imitation of what I thought Shaw must have been like." Broderick's acting talent has been noted on Broadway as well as in films. Broderick won a Tony Award for his performance in "Brighton Beach Memoirs" in 1983, a year after his film debut in Max Dugan Returns. (Maltin, 102) But it was his role as a computer hacker in War Games and his role as a handsome young teen touring Chicago in Ferris Bueller's Day Off that alerted moviegoers to his talent. Denzel Washington has received critical acclaim for his role as Trip (as well as an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor). Denzel commented on the role of Trip in an interview with the New York Times.

Education and the Subjective Quality of Life* Essay

Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1997, Vol. 38 (September):275-297 We examine whether education influences subjective quality of life. If it does, what are the mechanisms by which education affects well-being? We propose that educa- tion improves well-being because it increases access to nonalienated paid work and economic resources that increase the sense of control over life, as well as access to stable social relationships, especially marriage, that increase social support. We examine the relationship between education and a variety of indicators of subjective quality of life-depression, anxiety, anger, aches and pains, malaise, and dissatis- faction. Using two representative national samples collected in 1990 and 1995, we find that the well educated have lower levels of emotional distress (including depres- sion, anxiety, and anger) and physical distress (including aches and pains and malaise), but they do not have lower levels of dissatisfaction. Education reduces dis- tress largely by way of paid work, nonalienated work, and economic resources, which are associated with high personal control; but the extent to which it reduces distress by way of marriage and social support is much more modest. We contrast distress and dissatisfaction as indicators of the subjective quality of life. Does education matter to subjective quality of life? If it does, what are the mechanisms by which education affects well-being? We pro- pose that education is valuable to individual well-being because it provides access to the two primary determinants of well-being: non- *We are indebted to the National Institute on Aging for the grant (ROI AG12393) to John Mirowsky and Catherine Ross that supported the Aging, Status, and the Sense of Control (ASOC) data collection and analysis. We are indebted to the National Science Foundation for the grant (SES- 8916154) to Catherine Ross that supported the Work, Family, and Well-Being (WFW) data collec- tion. Sampling, pretesting, and interviewing for both surveys were conducted by the Survey Research Laboratory of the University of Illinois. We thank John Mirowsky for his statistical help, Barbara Reskin for her help with the comparison process theory of satisfaction, and JHSB reviewers for their suggestions. Address correspondence to: Catherine Ross, Department of Sociology, 300 Bricker Hall, 190 North Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1353; e-mail: ross. 131 @osu. edu. alienated paid work and supportive relation- ships. Compared to the poorly educated, we expect that well-educated persons have access to nonalienated paid work that increases the sense of personal control. Well-being comes, first, from nonalienated work in which people exert control over the labor process (Kohn 1976; Marx ([1884] 1964). Work that gives people the freedom from routinization, monot- ony, and external control on the one hand, and a chance to use their skills, develop as a per- son, and learn new things on the other, theo- retically increases subjective well-being, in part by increasing perceived control. Com- pared to the poorly educated, we also expect that well-educated individuals have access to stable social relationships, especially mar- riage, that increase social support. Well-being comes, second, from primary group ties and social bonds that increase supportive relation- ships with others, especially the personal secu- rity of marriage, and the sense of having other people to talk to and turn to in times of need (Durkheim 1951; Litwak and Messeri 1989). We propose that, through these processes, 275 276 JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR education improves the subjective quality of life, measured as psychological well-being and distress. We extend core economic and sociological perspectives on the meaning of education to individual well-being. We argue that educa- tion’s value extends beyond jobs, earnings, prestige, and power to people’s psychological well-being. According to human capital and status attainment theories, employers need workers who can read, write, do basic math, communicate, negotiate, solve problems, look things up, figure things out, and develop ideas; this human capital is acquired in school, and these skills, knowledge, and abilities help a person get a good job (Blau and Duncan 1967; Becker 1964; Hyman, Wright, and Reed 1975; Sewell and Hauser 1975; Spaeth 1976; Treiman and Terrell 1975). The same skills and abilities shaped by schooling, we argue, improve individual well-being through their effects on objective life conditions and social psychological resources. THE LINKS BETWEEN EDUCATION AND DISTRESS The negative association between education and psychological distress is well documented (Glenn and Weaver 1981; Kessler 1982; Lennon and Rosenfield 1992; Link, Lennon, and Dohrenwend 1993; Mirowsky and Ross 1989, 1995; Pearlin et al. 1981; Ross and Huber 1985; Ross and Mirowsky 1989), but the mechanisms by which education affects well-being are not. Education is rarely the focus of investigation in the sociological study of stress (Pearlin 1989). Instead, it is usually a control variable in research whose focus is on something else. This means that research has not identified the mechanisms by which edu- cation affects psychological well-being. Furthermore, when subjective well-being is measured as satisfaction, researchers find little positive effect of education. This raises the question of whether education’s effect is uni- formly positive. Well-educated persons are not more satisfied with their jobs than the poorly educated (Andrisani 1978; Gordon and Arvey 1975; Glenn and Weaver 1982; Quinn, Staines, and McCullough 1974; Ross and Reskin 1992), and they are not more satisfied with life in general (Pascarella and Terenzini 1991). Some argue that if education does not increase job satisfaction, or satisfaction over- all, maybe it has little real value to the subjec- tive quality of life, since a principal motivation for attaining a high level of formal education in the United States is access to satisfying work (Berg 1971; Quinn and Mandilovitch 1977). We examine the relationship between edu- cation and a variety of indicators of subjective quality of life. We distinguish distress- depression, anxiety, anger, aches and pains, and malaise-from dissatisfaction. Theo- retically, distress results from deprivation, whereas dissatisfaction results from depriva- tion relative to one’s expectations (Mirowsky and Ross 1989). We propose that education improves the subjective quality of life, mea- sured as psychological well-being and distress -measures not confounded by high expecta- tions among the advantaged. If education cor- relates positively with subjective well-being, what explains the association? We focus on two pathways by which education might affect individual well-being: (1) work and economic conditions, which increase personal control and (2) marriage and family conditions, which increase social support. Often educational attainment is used simply as an indicator of socioeconomic status. However, education, income, and work indi- cate different underlying concepts, so we keep the three aspects separate. Schooling indicates the accumulated knowledge, skills, values, and behaviors learned at school, in addition to being a credential that structures employment opportunities. Income and economic hardship indicate economic well-being. Work is pro- ductive activity (paid or not). Further, educa- tion, employment, and economic resources are not on the same causal level. Education is the key to one’s position in the stratification sys- tem; it shapes the likelihood of being em- ployed, the qualities of the job a person can get, and income. Combining variables from different causal levels obscures processes. If education affects psychological well-being, is its effect direct, or is it indirect by way of work or economic resources? Work and Economic Conditions Paid Work. Well-educated people are more likely to be employed and are more likely to be employed full-time (vs. part-time) than are those EDUCATION AND THE SUBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE 277 with little education (U. S. Department of Education 1992). Employment, especially full- time employment, in turn, is associated with higher levels of psychological and physical well-being (Gore and Mangione 1983; Lennon and Rosenfield 1992; Pearlin et al. 1981; Ross and Bird 1994; Verbrugge 1983). Although physical and mental health affect an individual’s likelihood of being employed, the positive asso- ciation between well-being and employment is not simply due to the selection of healthy people into the work force (Kessler, House, and Turner 1987; Ross and Mirowsky 1995). Nonalienated Work. We expect that educa- tion gives people access to nonalienated work that involves a variety of tasks, nonroutine work, and the chance for continued learning and development, which decreases distress. In nonalienated work, workers control the labor process; they have the chance to use their skills in the design and implementation of the work. Nonroutine work gives people the free- dom to use thought and independent judgment in doing different things in different ways rather than doing the same thing in the same way in a process designed and controlled by others. Skilled work gives people the chance to learn new things and develop as a person through work. Together, creative, nonroutine, independent work that gives a person control over the labor process, and work that is intrin- sic to a person’s development not external to it, are the essence of nonalienated labor. Kohn and colleagues find that control over the work process, rather than ownership of the means of production or control over the labor of others, is most important to psychological functioning (Kohn 1976; Kohn and Schooler 1982; Kohn et al. 1990). We expect that the work done by well- educated people is less alienated than that done by the poorly educated, and that this work decreases distress. However, the evi- dence as to whether work characteristics explain some of the effect of education on psy- chological well-being is mixed. Lennon (1994) finds that the effect of education on depression is explained when work condi- tions-autonomy, time pressure, responsibili- ty, interruptions, physical effort, and routine- are added. Link and colleagues (1993) find that education’s impact on psychological well- being works largely through giving individu- als access to jobs involving direction, control, and planning. However, others find that the effect of education on distress remains unchanged with adjustment for job control and other occupational characteristics (Kessler 1982; Lennon and Rosenfield 1992). Economic Resources. Low levels of educa- tion increase economic hardship. Individuals with low levels of education have lower incomes than those with high levels of educa- tion (Sewell and Hauser 1975), in part because they are less likely to be employed, and if employed, more likely to hold low-level jobs. Low levels of education further deprive people of the problem-solving resources needed to cope with the stresses of economic hardship. Ross and Huber (1985) find a synergistic effect on economic hardship of low education and low income, each making the effect of the other worse. Hardship increases psychological distress; the chronic strain of struggling to pay the bills and to feed and clothe the children takes its toll, often in feelings of depression and malaise (Pearlin et al. 1981; Ross and Huber 1985). Marriage and Family Composition Marital Status. Evidence that education is positively associated with marriage is some- what mixed and indirect. The well educated are less likely to divorce, probably due to the fact that they marry later and do so under more favorable economic conditions (Glick 1984; Houseknecht and Spanier 1980). Education is negatively associated with widowhood, too, since men and women choose partners with similar levels of education (Kalmijn 1991; Qian and Preston 1993), and well-educated people live longer than those with lower levels of education (Rogot, Sorlie, and Johnson 1992). Although education is negatively asso- ciated with marital dissolution, either through divorce or widowhood, it is also negatively associated with marrying in the first place, especially for some groups. Education decreases the probability of ever marrying among Whites, while highly educated Blacks are more likely to marry than Blacks with lower levels of education (Bennett, Bloom, and Craig 1989). Women with high levels of education are more likely to postpone mar- riage, not to remarry after divorce, and never marry in the first place than are women with lower levels of education; and women who fail to marry in young adulthood attain a higher 278 JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR level of education than those who do marry (McLanahan and Casper 1994). All told, how- ever, well-educated women and men are more likely to be currently married than those with- out high school degrees (Qian and Preston 1993). Overall, married people and those who live with partners are healthier and happier than those who are single, divorced, or widowed (Waite 1995). Married people have higher lev- els of physical and psychological well-being than do unmarried people (Gove, Hughes, and Style 1983; Ross, Mirowsky, and Goldsteen 1990; Ross 1995). If marriage has any nega- tive effects on well-being, it may be due to child care responsibilities, which fall dispro- portionately on women. People with children at home do not have higher levels of psycho- logical well-being than nonparents (Gore and Mangione 1983; Kessler and McRae 1982; McLanahan and Adams 1987). In many instances, parents-especially mothers-are more psychologically distressed than non- parents (Gove and Geerken 1977; Pearlin 1975). Most of the stress of children in the home is due to economic strains, excessive child care responsibilities, and difficulties arranging child care while parents are at work (Ross and Huber 1985; Ross and Mirowsky 1988). Since children often accompany mar- riage, the effect of marriage on well-being may not be uniformly positive. However, the well educated may get the benefits of mar- riage, without the stress associated with chil- dren, since well-educated women have fewer children than poorly educated women. Women with high levels of education are more likely to remain childless, to postpone having chil- dren, and to have fewer children than are those with lower levels of education (Bloom and Trussel 1984; Rindfuss, Morgan, and Swice- good 1984; Veevers 1979). Since men and women tend to choose partners with similar levels of education (Kalmijn 1991; Qian and Preston 1993), well-educated men have fewer children, too. Social-Psychological Resources Sense of Control. Belief in personal control is a learned, generalized expectation that out- comes are contingent on one’s own choices and actions (Mirowsky and Ross 1989; Rotter 1966). The sense of powerlessness, the oppo- site, is the belief that one’s actions do not affect outcomes. It is the main form of subjec- tive alienation (Seeman 1959, 1983). Education correlates positively with the sense of control, and the sense of personal control mediates a large part of the negative associa- tion between education and distress (Mirow- sky and Ross 1989; Ross and Mirowsky 1989). The well educated have higher person- al control than the poorly educated, even adjusting for employment, job autonomy, earnings, minority status, age, marital status, sex, and household work (Bird and Ross 1993; Ross and Mirowsky 1992). People with high levels of personal control have low levels of psychological distress (Aneshensel 1992; Gecas 1989; Mirowsky and Ross 1986; Pearlin et al. 1981; Wheaton 1980, 1983), and perceived control over both good and bad outcomes correlates negatively with depression (Krause and Stryker 1984; Mirowsky and Ross 1990). High personal con- trol helps people cope actively and flexibly, to avoid problems and to prepare for those that cannot be avoided (Mirowsky and Ross 1989; Turner and Noh 1983; Wheaton 1983). In con- trast, the sense of powerlessness is demoraliz- ing in itself and interferes with active problem- solving. Social Support. Social support is the com- mitment, caring, advice, and aid provided in personal relationships, the sense of being cared for and loved, esteemed and valued as a person, and part of a network of communica- tion and obligation (Kaplan, Robbins, and Martin 1983). Little research has examined the social determinants of support. Education may provide social support by giving people access to multiple roles with independent social net- works which boost the potential for supportive relationships (Walker, Wasserman, and Wellman 1993). Education may also help peo- ple maintain supportive relationships with oth- ers directly by way of increased flexibility in dealing with problems, the ability to negotiate and compromise, and to see more than one side of an issue; and indirectly by reducing stressors of unemployment, poverty, and eco- nomic hardship which strain interpersonal relationships (Atkinson, Liem, and Liem 1986; Gore 1978). Ross and Mirowsky (1989) find that the well educated have higher levels of support than the poorly educated, but few other studies have examined the association between education and social support. EDUCATION AND THE SUBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE 279 Low levels of social support, especially emotional support, are associated with psycho- logical distress, including depression and anx- iety, and poor health (Gerstel, Riessman, and Rosenfield 1985; House, Landis, and Um- berson 1988; Kessler and McLeod 1985). Social support reduces distress directly and it interacts with stressful life events and situa- tions, buffering their negative effect (Wheaton 1983). Summary of Proposed Mechanisms by Which Education Affects Distress We propose that education gives people access to nonalienated paid work and eco- nomic resources that increase the sense of personal control, and that education gives peo- ple access to stable social relationships, espe- cially marriage, that increase social support. Through these processes, we hypothesize, education affects subjective quality of life. SAMPLES We use two representative national samples. With these we will replicate regression analy- ses in order to strengthen confidence in our results, distinguish robust findings from sample-specific ones, and comprehensively measure distress and dissatisfaction in two years. The first is the Aging, Status, and the Sense of Control (ASOC) survey. It is a 1995 telephone survey of a national probability sample of U. S. households. Respondents were selected using a prescreened random-digit dialing method that increases the rate of con- tacting eligible numbers (or decreases the rate of contacting business and nonworking num- bers) and decreases standard errors compared to the standard Mitofsky-Waksberg method while producing a sample with the same demographic profile (Lund and Wright 1994; Waksberg 1978). The ASOC survey has two subsamples, designed to produce an 80 percent oversample of persons age 60 and older. The survey was limited to English-speaking adults. The main sample draws from all households; the oversample draws only from households with one or more seniors. In the main sample, the adult (18 or older) with the most recent birthday was selected as respondent.